Research Progress on TGF-β/SMAD3/PAI-1 Pathway in Thyroid Fibrosis and Tumorigenesis

Abstract

The TGF-β/SMAD3/PAI-1 signaling pathway plays a crucial regulatory role in thyroid fibrosis and tumorigenesis, becoming a hot topic in both basic and clinical research in recent years. This pathway participates in the pathological remodeling of thyroid tissue and the establishment of the tumor microenvironment by regulating processes such as fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix deposition, cell proliferation, and migration. TGF-β plays a dual role in tumorigenesis, inhibiting cell proliferation while promoting tumor invasion and immune evasion. SMAD3, as a key transcription factor, plays a central role in regulating fibrotic gene expression and tumor cell behavior. PAI-1, by influencing the fibrinolytic system and angiogenesis, participates in tissue sclerosis and tumor progression. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that factors associated with this pathway have potential biomarker value and therapeutic target significance. Future efforts should strengthen multi-omics integrated analysis and the development of targeted intervention strategies to promote precise diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases and their mechanism of action.