Journal of Contemporary Medical Practice
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Serkan TURSUN ISSN: 2006-2745 Frequency: Monthly Submit Email: jcmp@bryanhousepub.org APC: $300 Journal of Contemporary Medical Practice (JCMP) is an initiative to encourage researchers, clinicians and individuals to share research advances the field of addiction medicine. The Journal of Contemporary Medical Practice is a unique platform that publishes current findings in science and medicine and promotes health and wellness. The editorial board of JCMP is a committed team of experts that ensures quality publishing of complete and reliable sources of information on discoveries and current developments in the field of Contemporary Medical Practice. It is a scientific, internationally refereed journal that publishes retrospective / prospective clinical and laboratory studies, interesting case presentations, invited collections, editorial letters, original images, short reports and surgical technical articles about every branch of medicine.
Finerenone in Atrial Fibrillation: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Clinical Evidence
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common tachyarrhythmia characterized by disorganized atrial electrical activity and ineffective contraction. It frequently coexists with various cardiovascular diseases and comorbidities, significantly increasing the risk of stroke, heart failure, and other adverse events. The overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), particularly the upregulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling pathway, plays a central role in atrial remodeling and AF pathogenesis by driving myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. Finerenone, a novel non-steroidal, highly selective MR antagonist, exerts potent antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects by efficiently blocking MR. This review systematically elucidates the potential molecular mechanisms of finerenone in AF treatment and summarizes the emerging clinical evidence regarding its role in AF prevention and management, aiming to provide new insights for its application in the comprehensive management of AF.
Copyright (c) 2026 Min Huang, Qiang Ye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review of Cellular Heterogeneity and Therapeutic Targets
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease in which persistent synovitis can progress to cartilage destruction, bone erosion, pain, and disability despite expanding therapeutic options. Clinically similar disease presentations may arise from distinct cellular and molecular programs within synovial tissue, limiting the effectiveness of uniform immunomodulation. This review evaluates how single-cell RNA sequencing and single-nucleus RNA sequencing have reshaped understanding of rheumatoid arthritis by resolving stromal and immune heterogeneity, defining context-dependent cell states, and linking intercellular signaling to therapeutic opportunities. We synthesize recurring cell states across synovial tissue, synovial fluid, and peripheral blood and assess how experimental and computational choices influence state identification and cross-cohort comparability. Across studies, synovial fibroblast-like synoviocytes consistently organize along a spatial lining versus sublining axis, with inflammation-induced activation layered onto positional identity. Perivascular niches, including endothelial-stromal signaling, appear to instruct fibroblast programs and help explain gradients in stromal phenotypes. Immune profiling repeatedly identifies peripheral helper T cell states that support lymphoid organization and B cell help, alongside clonally expanded cytotoxic T cell programs whose interpretation is complicated by overlap between activation and inhibitory receptor expression. Myeloid diversity is best captured as continuous transitions shaped by tissue niche and inflammatory modules rather than binary polarization, with evidence for protective barrier-like macrophage programs and recruited inflammatory macrophage states. B cell and plasma cell heterogeneity reflects antigen experience, class switching, and association with ectopic lymphoid structures, while emerging work suggests metabolic dependencies across stromal and antibody-secreting compartments. We conclude that a Cell State–Niche–Target framework can reconcile heterogeneous atlases by prioritizing program-level concordance and explicitly conditioning therapeutic hypotheses on niche context. This review is synovium-centric; synovial fluid and peripheral blood are discussed primarily as bridging compartments for biomarker hypotheses rather than as independently comprehensive atlases. Progress toward precision medicine will require standardized sampling and analysis, spatial validation, and longitudinal studies that connect state shifts to treatment response.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhipeng Tai, Qiang Zan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment Plan for Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a secondary chronic kidney disease caused by primary diabetes mellitus, and also one of the main complications of diabetes, which mainly invades microvessels. According to statistics, the number of diabetic nephropathy patients worldwide will reach 552 million by 2030, among which China and India account for as high as 48%. At present, there are a large number of diabetic patients in China, and the prevalence rate of diabetic nephropathy is extremely high. Modern western clinical treatment of diabetic nephropathy mainly includes correcting unhealthy lifestyle, controlling appropriate protein intake, actively regulating blood glucose, controlling blood pressure and improving blood lipids. Due to the complex course and high difficulty of clinical cure, single western medicine treatment has many shortcomings. However, the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on diabetic nephropathy has become increasingly prominent in modern times, which can improve physical and chemical indicators and alleviate clinical symptoms. Although the future research prospect may be tortuous, the overall outlook is bright.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yanfang Kong, Yun Tian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
An Exploration of Professor Li Jun’s Experience in Preventing and Treating Hypertension via Integrated Medicinal and Dietary Interventions from the Perspective of Body-Disease Correlation
Objective: Based on the theory of body and disease correlation and Professor Li’s clinical experience in the use of medicine and food for the treatment of hypertension. Methods: The medical records of Professor Li Jun’s diagnosis and treatment of hypertension were collected, and 201 valid medical records were selected and imported into the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance computing platform V3.5. The frequency and the properties of herbs in the prescription were analyzed by association rules and k-means clustering algorithm, and the differences of blood pressure indexes before and after treatment were analyzed by SPSS 26.0. Results: Statistical analysis of the prescription frequency and usage patterns of edible-medicinal herbs revealed that the predominant properties were cold and warm, the principal flavors were bitter pungent and sweet, and the primary meridians involved were the liver and spleen meridians. Through association rule mining, five core herb combinations of medicine-food homology were identified; clustering analysis revealed four core food-medicine prescriptions. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in blood pressure changes before and after treatment. Conclusion: Professor Li, based on the hypertension associated with phlegm and blood stasis pathogenesis, used dietary interventions to regulate the damp-phlegm and blood stasis constitution of patients, improve clinical symptoms of hypertension, and provide a theoretical basis and data support for traditional Chinese medicine diet in the prevention and control of hypertension.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaotong Yun, Bao Xin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Analysis of the Pathogenesis and Intervention Strategies of Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Elderly from the Theory of “Kidney Essence Deficiency - Brain Marrow Insufficiency”
Neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly are characterized by complex pathogenesis and slow disease progression. The traditional Chinese medicine theory of “Kidney Essence Deficiency - Brain Marrow Insufficiency” provides a unique perspective for understanding these diseases, considering the decline of kidney essence and malnourishment of brain marrow as the core pathogenesis, which aligns with the mechanisms revealed by modern medicine, such as neuronal energy metabolism disorders, synaptic damage, protein deposition, and cerebral microcirculation disorders. Based on this, traditional Chinese medicine, through multi-dimensional intervention strategies such as tonifying the kidney and replenishing essence, nourishing marrow and strengthening the brain, resolving phlegm and turbidity, and promoting blood circulation and unblocking collaterals, shows potential advantages in improving cognitive function and delaying disease progression. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that related prescriptions have multi-target effects such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, improvement of mitochondrial function, and promotion of nerve regeneration, and can exert neuroprotective effects through regulating neurotransmitters, enhancing synaptic plasticity, improving cerebral blood flow, and gut-brain axis function. Non-drug therapies such as acupuncture and Tai Chi can also provide more options for comprehensive intervention by regulating brain functional networks and improving mood and motor coordination. However, current research on TCM syndrome differentiation lacks standardization, the quality of clinical trials varies, and the mechanisms of action remain insufficient. Future research should strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration, combining techniques such as neuroimaging, molecular biology, and systems biology to promote the scientific and international development of TCM in the field of neurodegenerative diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meirong Wu, Yongchang Diwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Discussion on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Melasma
Melasma is a common skin pigmentation disorder characterized by symmetrical pigmented patches on the face, usually on the forehead, cheekbones, upper lip and chin. Although this disease is not life-threatening, it causes harm to the patient’s appearance and mental health, and seriously affects the quality of life of the patient. In recent years, with the increasing emphasis on skin beauty, melasma has become one of the hot topics of research. However, the pathogenesis of melasma and its therapeutic aspects remain many unsolved mysteries, which provides broad space and challenges for our research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tianen Chen, Jianrong Hui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in N740eurogenic Inflammation of Migraine
Migraine is a common chronic episodic brain dysfunction disorder with high prevalence and disability rates worldwide. It severely impacts patients’ quality of life and imposes a heavy socioeconomic burden. Neurogenic inflammation plays a pivotal role in migraine pathogenesis, with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) serving as a key inflammatory mediator involved in the disease process. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) offers unique insights into migraine pathogenesis through concepts like meridians and qi-blood dynamics. Additionally, certain active components in Chinese herbal medicines demonstrate effects on TNF-α and migraine. Future drug development targeting TNF-α and integrated treatment strategies hold promise for breakthroughs in migraine management. Research combining TCM and Western medicine will further expand therapeutic possibilities, thereby improving treatment outcomes and quality of life for migraine sufferers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tianyu Deng, Xiaoling Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Observation on the Improvement of Cardiac Function in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease by Seamless Nursing
Objective: To explore the impact of seamless nursing on cardiac function in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: A total of 30 CHD patients admitted to the Department of Cardiology from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected. They were divided into two groups by computerized randomization: the traditional group (15 cases) receiving basic internal medicine nursing, and the experimental group (15 cases) receiving seamless nursing. The cardiac function indicators of the patients were observed. Results: Before nursing, there were no significant differences in cardiac function indicators such as left ventricular fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) between the two groups. After nursing, the FS, LVEF, and 6MWD indicators of both groups were higher than those before nursing, and the indicators in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the traditional group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of seamless nursing in the treatment of CHD can enhance the efficacy of clinical treatment, promote the recovery of cardiac function, and has significant nursing advantages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Renhui Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Exploration of Clinical Methods for Treating Heart Failure Based on “Heart-Kidney Synergistic Treatment”
Heart failure (HF) is the end stage of various cardiovascular diseases, with persistently high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a serious public health problem. Modern medical treatments can effectively improve HF symptoms and prognosis, but still have limitations. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has explored various treatment methods for HF in the long term, among which the theory of “treating both the heart and kidneys” is one of the core treatment methods, demonstrating unique advantages and significant clinical efficacy. This article reviews ancient TCM texts, clinical treatment methods, and commonly used prescriptions for treating HF using the theory of “treating both the heart and kidneys.” The article points out that the theory of “treating both the heart and kidneys” is rooted in the holistic view of “interrelation of the five internal organs” in TCM, believing that although the main location of HF is in the heart, its occurrence and development are closely related to kidney function. Deficiency of heart and kidney yang and imbalance of water and fire are the core pathogenesis of this disease, while blood stasis and fluid retention are key pathological products. This article aims to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of HF using the theory of “treating both the heart and kidneys.”
Copyright (c) 2026 Yang Jia, Fan Hong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Advances in the Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Rehabilitation of Gynecological Malignant Tumors
With advancements in treatment methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the survival rate of gynecological malignant tumors has improved. Rehabilitation therapy for complications caused by the tumors themselves and related treatments has gradually become a focal point in the comprehensive care of female cancer patients. Due to the unique anatomical location and physiological functions of the uterus and ovaries, as well as the cyclical fluctuations of female hormones, patients with gynecological tumors are more susceptible to complications such as tumor-related depression, postoperative lymphedema (particularly following pelvic tumor surgery), and radiation-induced vaginitis (especially in cervical cancer patients). These complications threaten women’s physical and mental health and impact their recovery and resumption of normal life after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Leveraging its therapeutic principles of a holistic concept and syndrome differentiation, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has demonstrated favorable clinical efficacy in the rehabilitation treatment of complications associated with gynecological tumors. This article systematically reviews the recent advances (past five years) in the application of TCM in the rehabilitation of gynecological malignant tumors by retrieving relevant literature from multiple databases, aiming to provide a reference for the future TCM prevention and treatment of related complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaoying Zhao, Nan Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Treatment of Anal Sphincter Recovery Using Chinese and Western Medicine
The anal sphincter is a muscular ring located at the end of the human digestive and intestinal system. It plays a crucial and irreplaceable role in the entire system, as well as in human physiological life. Whether under normal physiological conditions or pathological states, the function and condition of the anal sphincter may be impaired to varying degrees. In the domain of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), a variety of approaches have been explored for functional restoration of the anal sphincter, including but not limited to electroacupuncture, mild moxibustion combined with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, medicated thread therapy, thread-dragging combined with herbal sitz baths, thread-dragging with counter-drainage, TCM-based treatments for central anal sphincter paralysis, and the application of Coptis chinensis nanogel patches for wound repair following perianal abscess. Western medical treatments include sphincter-preserving approaches for low rectal cancer, anal fistula, and perianal abscess, as well as interventions such as artificial anus procedures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qiyuan Jin, Xiutian Guo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Recent Advances in the Management of RSV Bronchiolitis: A Comparative and Integrative Study of Traditional Chinese and Western Medical Approaches
To summarize the research on the treatment of RSV bronchiolitis with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western medicine over the past decade, providing a reference for its clinical management. Single herbs and compound prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine have demonstrated good therapeutic effects on bronchiolitis caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
Copyright (c) 2026 Wenting Xue, Guocheng Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Drug Resistance Mechanism and Overcoming Strategies of Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma: A Comprehensive Review
Immunotherapy for multiple myeloma (MM) has emerged as a significant breakthrough in the treatment of the disease, despite significantly improving remission rates in patients with relapsed or refractory MM (R/R MM), but still faces challenges such as drug resistance and toxic side effects. Characteristic changes in the immune microenvironment are the main cause of resistance, including T-cell exhaustion, inhibitory factors secreted by bone marrow stromal cells, abnormal expression of immune checkpoints, and tumor antigen escape, etc. Countermeasures include combined targeted therapy, epigenetic regulation, novel immunotherapies, etc. In the future, single-cell technology will be needed to analyze the heterogeneity of resistance. Develop dynamic monitoring markers and formulate individualized regimens. This article reviews the mechanisms of resistance and strategies for overcoming immunotherapy in multiple myeloma, aiming to analyze the key influencing factors and potential therapeutic targets and provide relevant ideas for overcoming immunotherapy resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jingyun Su, Qiuai Hu, Xinmei Wang, Yinhua Ma, Zexuan Dong, Jing Luo, Zhen Yang, Ting Cuan, Chunling He https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Advances of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in the Neural Repair of Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces catastrophic neurological deficits, activating multiple signaling pathways, notably the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Current treatments primarily offer symptomatic relief without addressing underlying pathophysiology. Emerging research highlights the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway’s crucial role in regulating neuronal survival, axon regeneration, glial responses, autophagy, and immune modulation post-SCI. Modulating this pathway post-injury shows promise in reducing inflammation, apoptosis, and neuropathic pain, while promoting neural repair. Given its central role, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is identified as a key therapeutic target for SCI management. This review summarizes current knowledge on SCI pathology, details the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway’s characteristics, and explores its dual roles in pathology and therapeutic interventions, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future SCI research and targeted therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hao Man, Jianwei Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Exploration on the Diagnosis and Treatment Approach for Advanced Esophageal Cancer based on the TCM Theory of “Gate of Vitality”
Esophageal cancer is one of the most malignant cancers, with patients in advanced stages experiencing a significantly poor quality of life. Traditional Chinese Medicine identifies its pathogenesis as a condition of root deficiency and excess manifestations, closely related to the insufficiency of the innate “water and fire of the Gate of Vitality,” often accompanied by symptoms such as qi stagnation, phlegm coagulation, and blood stasis. Based on the theory of the “Gate of Vitality,” this paper explores the pathological characteristics of advanced esophageal cancer and proposes the application of Rehmannia Glutinosa to “seek yang from yin and vigorously tonify the Gate of Vitality,” aiming to provide insights for clinical treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhiheng Zhao, Chenguang Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Advances on Extracellular Vesicles in Hypertension and Target Organ Damage
Hypertension represents a major global public health challenge and is the primary risk factor for target organ damage (TOD), including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a class of nanoscale membrane structures secreted by cells that encapsulate bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication. Increasing evidence in recent years indicates that EVs play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of hypertension development, target organ damage, and associated complications. They regulate key pathological processes—including endothelial function, inflammatory responses, vascular remodeling, and fibrosis—through their specific cargo (e.g., microRNAs, proteins). This review systematically summarizes recent advances in extracellular vesicle research concerning hypertension and target organ damage, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms of EVs in hypertension and its cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary circulatory target organ damage, as well as their potential as biomarkers, thereby laying the foundation for future clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Li Chao, Wang Hui, Lan Hongyi, Lu Shu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Clinical Efficacy Observation of Fire Needle Short-term Intensive Treatment on Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Cold-Dampness Constitution Type)
Objective: To evaluate the short-term clinical efficacy and safety of a 10-day inpatient intensive fire needle treatment regimen on patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of cold-dampness constitution. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was adopted. Medical records of NAFLD inpatients from the Hepatology Department of our hospital between September 2023 and September 2025 were collected. Based on treatment records, patients were divided into a fire needle group and a conventional acupuncture group, with 50 cases in each group. The same basic acupoints were selected for both groups (Zusanli, Fenglong, Sanyinjiao, Taichong, Zhongwan). The conventional acupuncture group received treatment once daily; the fire needle group received additional fire needle therapy every other day (total of 5 times over 10 days) based on daily acupuncture. The treatment course for both groups was 10 days. The primary outcome was the improvement rate of liver ultrasound fatty liver grading before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes included changes in ALT, AST, TG levels, the reduction rate of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, and symptom scores related to cold-dampness constitution. Results: After 10 days of treatment, the ultrasound improvement rate in the fire needle group (86.0%) was significantly higher than that in the conventional acupuncture group (70.0%) (P<0.05). The fire needle group was superior to the conventional acupuncture group in reducing ALT, AST, TG levels and the reduction rate of TCM syndrome scores (all P<0.05). In the cold-dampness constitution subgroup, the fire needle group showed more significant improvements in symptoms such as fear of cold, cold limbs, and loose stools (P<0.01). No serious adverse events occurred during the treatment period. Conclusion: A 10-day inpatient intensive fire needle treatment can rapidly and safely improve imaging findings, biochemical indicators, and clinical symptoms in NAFLD patients, with definite short-term efficacy. Particularly for patients with cold-dampness constitution, it demonstrates the syndrome differentiation advantages of warming Yang, dissipating cold, resolving Dampness, and unblocking collaterals. It can serve as an effective external TCM therapy for short-term comprehensive inpatient treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhengwei Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Role of the Gut Microbiota-Intestinal Barrier Axis in Enterogenic Infection Complicating Acute Pancreatitis and Early Intervention with Probiotics: An Exploratory Clinical Study
Objective: To investigate the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota-intestinal barrier axis in patients with moderately severe or severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP/SAP) and to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of early multi-strain probiotic intervention in preventing peripancreatic infection. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 120 patients with MSAP/SAP (onset to admission ≤48 h), randomly assigned to a probiotic group (n=60) and a placebo group (n=60). The probiotic group received a multi-strain preparation (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces boulardii; ≥1×10¹⁰ CFU/dose) twice daily for 14 days, while the control group received an identical placebo. The primary endpoint was the incidence of peripancreatic necrotic tissue infection within 28 days. Secondary endpoints included gut microbiota diversity (16S rRNA sequencing), serum intestinal barrier markers (I-FABP, D-lactate, Zonulin), inflammatory markers (CRP, PCT, IL-6), duration of antibiotic use, ICU stay, total hospital stay, 28-day mortality, and adverse events. Results: A total of 115 patients (probiotic group 58, placebo group 57) were included in the final analysis. Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. The incidence of peripancreatic infection was significantly lower in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group (17.2% vs. 31.6%; RR=0.55, 95%CI 0.31-0.97, P=0.040; NNT=7.0). Probiotic intervention was an independent protective factor after adjusting for confounders (OR=0.48, 95%CI 0.24-0.95, P=0.035). The probiotic group also showed significantly shorter duration of antibiotic use [12 (8, 16) vs. 16 (11, 22) days, P=0.013] and ICU stay [9 (5, 14) vs. 13 (8, 19) days, P=0.021]. Microbiota analysis revealed that from day 3 onwards, infected patients exhibited significant enrichment of Enterococcus and Fusobacterium, and depletion of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium (LDA>2, q<0.05). I-FABP levels were significantly higher in the infection group (P<0.001). A predictive model based on three genera at day 3 achieved an AUC of 0.824 (95%CI 0.746-0.902) for predicting subsequent infection. No significant differences were observed in 28-day mortality or adverse events between groups. Conclusion: Dynamic imbalance of the gut microbiota-intestinal barrier axis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of peripancreatic infection in MSAP/SAP patients. Early multi-strain probiotic intervention within 48 hours of onset can significantly reduce the incidence of peripancreatic infection, shorten antibiotic use and ICU stay, and is safe. Specific microbial markers demonstrate potential value for early warning of infection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Han Dong, Chen Feng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Discussion on TCM Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Pulmonary Interstitial Fibrosis based on Liu Huawei’s Five Elements Gasification Theory
Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis is a common and difficult disease of respiratory system, which belongs to the category of interstitial lung disease. At present, the global incidence rate is about 0. 09–1. 30/10000, and it is increasing year by year. There is no effective treatment in modern medicine. Lung transplantation is often performed after the complete loss of lung function. The operation cost is high and the medical burden is heavy. Traditional Chinese medicine has rich experience and unique advantages in treating this disease. On the basis of inheriting the predecessors, Professor Liu Huawei created the theory of five elements Zang Fu Qi machine gasification (referred to as “five elements gasification theory”), which has achieved good clinical effect. Guided by this theory, this paper systematically expounds the TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment rules of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Through the analysis of the etiology, pathogenesis and syndrome evolution law of the disease, the basic pathogenesis of the disease is the deficiency of lung qi (Yin), the loss of Qi, phlegm dampness and blood stasis, and the imbalance of Qi mechanism, which belongs to the syndrome of excess due to deficiency, deficiency due to excess, and the mixture of deficiency and excess. On this basis, the six syndrome types of qi deficiency and phlegm stagnation, upper excess and lower deficiency, Qi deficiency and blood obstruction, lung stomach qi inversion, lung kidney yin deficiency, spleen kidney yang deficiency were summarized, and the basic treatment method of “strengthening vital energy to replenish lung and spleen, promoting gasification to expel phlegm and blood stasis” was established, and the representative prescriptions were given respectively. For the early asymptomatic patients, the idea of disease differentiation and treatment was put forward, which was mainly composed of Maiwei Buzhong Yiqi Decoction and Qianjin Weigan decoction. In order to provide new ideas and methods for TCM clinical diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, this paper preliminarily constructed the syndrome differentiation and treatment system of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis under the guidance of the five element theory of gasification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shuai Lu, Zhanping Ma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress of Abnormal Glycosylation in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease mainly caused by degenerative damage to articular cartilage and reactive hyperplasia of the marginal and subchondral bone of the joint, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. In recent years, the role of glycosylation as a key post-translational modification of proteins in the occurrence and development of OA has received increasing attention. Abnormal glycosylation involves not only the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), but also dysregulation of enzymatic glycosylation processes, both of which are involved in the pathological changes of joint multitissue, but the specific mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This article aims to systematically explore the association between abnormal glycosylation and OA, with a focus on its mechanism of action in articular cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone, and to review the research progress in recent years, with the aim of providing a new perspective for the mechanism study and treatment strategy of OA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nongchao Li, Xuan Wang, Yunheng Zhang, Yi Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Exploring Ideas for Improving Mitochondrial Function in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome based on the “Xuanfu” Theory
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with reproductive and metabolic disorders as the core characteristics often exhibit symptoms of stagnation of the Xuanfu and stagnation of qi and liquid. Starting from the core connotation of the “Xuanfu” theory in the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon, which advocates for the circulation of qi and liquid, the treatment can use products that promote the opening and closing of the Xuanfu, regulate the flow of qi and liquid, and promote the distribution of qi, blood, and body fluids, as well as improve the transport of fine substances. Mitochondria are the core of cellular energy metabolism, and their function is similar to that of promoting the circulation of qi and liquid in traditional Chinese medicine, as well as driving the movement of essence and microorganisms. This article aims to provide new basis and direction for the traditional Chinese medicine treatment and material basis interpretation of PCOS from the perspective of improving mitochondrial function through the use of the “Tong Xuan Kai Yu” method.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yadi Yu, Fei Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Treatment of Agitated and Aggressive Behaviors in Vascular Dementia based on the Theory of “Heat Coagulating Blood Vessels”
The theory of “heat accumulation in blood vessels” was proposed by Researcher Hu Jingqing through a comprehensive review of traditional Chinese medical literature, clinical experience, and optimization of therapeutic effects, combined with theoretical exploration. This theory builds upon the traditional pathogenic mechanisms of phlegm-heat, blood stasis-heat, and the mutual entanglement of phlegm and blood stasis leading to heat, and takes “heat accumulation” as the key point to summarize the common pathogenic mechanisms of various diseases centered on vascular lesions (such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular conditions) or those where the vasculature is affected in their pathological processes. Researcher Hu Jingqing pointed out that the pathogenesis of vascular dementia mainly involves three aspects: “deficiency”, “phlegm”, and “blood stasis”. However, the agitated and aggressive behaviors are secondary mental disorders on the basis of vascular dementia, which cannot be fully explained by the three aspects of “deficiency”, “phlegm”, and “blood stasis”. Based on the theory of “heat accumulation in blood vessels”, the pathogenic evolution of agitated and aggressive behaviors in vascular dementia can be summarized as follows: the long-term entanglement of “deficiency”, “phlegm”, and “blood stasis” eventually leads to the generation of heat and fire, which further breeds toxins and causes disorders, damaging the blood vessels and forming a vicious cycle of accumulated heat → toxin formation → symVaDtom formation → vessel damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cancan Liu, Jingqing Hu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Visceral Versus Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue: Immune Microenvironment and Metabolic Consequences
The immune microenvironment exhibits significant differences between visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT), a disparity that serves as a fundamental mechanism underlying their distinct metabolic outcomes. vWAT is predominantly associated with a pro-inflammatory profile, wherein the release of inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids (FFAs) promotes insulin resistance (IR) via the portal venous system, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Conversely, sWAT is characterized by an anti-inflammatory phenotype and provides a metabolic buffering effect, partially through hyperplastic expansion. Nevertheless, this protective function is compromised when its capacity for expansion is exceeded. A comprehensive analysis of the immune differences characteristic of these two adipose depots, along with an elucidation of the transition from homeostasis to pathological states, will enhance the precise identification of early intervention points for metabolic disorders and offer a theoretical foundation for the development of immune-modulatory strategies targeting specific adipose depots.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xinmiao Su, Hui Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Advancithe Secretory Role of OECs in Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurotraumatic state of the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and long-term disability. Due to growing prevalence of SCI, combined with the severe incapacitation of the limbs below the level of injury, SCI has imposed considerable physical and psychological stress to victims and huge economic burden on both families and society. Pathophysiologically, SCI is typically categorized into two distinct phases: primary and secondary injury. The primary injury causes immediate disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier, triggering the release of numerous pro-inflammatory factors. This inflammatory cascade can lead to persistent infection and exacerbated inflammation, which significantly hinder functional recovery. Therefore, effectively mitigating the inflammatory responses is considered a critical therapeutic strategy for improving outcomes after SCI. Among the various therapeutic strategies for treatment of SCI, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a unique type of glial cells, have received considerable interest in the field of cell-based therapy for SCI. Emerging evidence indicates that the anti-inflammatory effects of OECs are closely linked to their intrinsic secretory profile and immunomodulatory properties, which play a crucial role in ameliorating the detrimental microenvironment by injured nerves. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying the secretory roles of OECs in enhancing neural regeneration is of great clinical significance. This review aims to summarize recent advances in molecular characteristics of OECs and the molecular mechanisms of their secretory functions in mitigating neural injury.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lin Li, Shihao Yuan, Peng Deng, Hao Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a disease characterized by degeneration, destruction and bone hyperplasia of knee cartilage, which has gradually become a tough clinical disease in orthopedics because of its high incidence, long treatment time and high disability rate. At present, the clinical treatment of KOA is mainly based on surgery, drug therapy and modern rehabilitation training. Acupuncture (milli needle, electroacupuncture, acupuncture, etc.), moxibustion, massage and traditional exercise therapy (Tai Chi, Baduanjin, etc.) TCM rehabilitation techniques for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis have the characteristics of high safety and definite efficacy. This paper reviews the treatment of KOA and its research progress with traditional Chinese medicine, with the aim of expounding the treatment concept of traditional Chinese medicine, popularizing the treatment technology of traditional Chinese medicine, and providing reference for the prevention and treatment of KOA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Feixiang Feng, Puwei Yuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Mild Cognitive Impairment
Mild cognitive impairment is a transitional period between normal aging and dementia. Nowadays, due to the aging of the population, the incidence of mild cognitive impairment is increasing. At present, due to the medication limitations and adverse effects of western drugs, Chinese medicine has certain advantages in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. This paper summarises the research progress of Chinese medicine in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in recent years, and aims to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment with Chinese medicine by elaborating on the pathogenesis of mild cognitive impairment and the treatment of mild cognitive impairment with Chinese medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miao Zhang, Shiyang Lu, Yiyun Li, Jie Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Pathogenesis and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the primary causative factor of dementia, is a progressively degenerative neurological disorder that significantly impairs the quality of life in the elderly population and disrupts familial harmony. Concurrent with the intensifying global aging trend, the prevalence of this disease is persistently increasing, thereby imposing an escalating socio-economic burden. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, it summarizes the research advancements in the treatment of AD with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), encompassing aspects such as TCM etiology and pathogenesis, compound formulas, single herbs, active constituents, and acupuncture therapy. The limitations of existing studies are analyzed, and future research directions are proposed. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the formulation of clinical prevention and control strategies for AD and for the development of innovative therapeutic agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuanhua Tang, Luning Bai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine on Treatment of Post-stroke Depression by Blood-activating and Depression-relieving Chinese Medicine
Post-stroke depression (PSD), as the most common mood disorder following cerebrovascular events, is characterized by high incidence, significantly impacts patient prognosis, and increases the risk of stroke recurrence. Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, this article systematically explores the core pathogenesis of PSD, “interconnected stagnation and depression,” identifying “blood stasis obstructing collaterals” as the fundamental cause and “qi stagnation” as the secondary manifestation. These two factors interact causally, forming a vicious cycle and giving rise to complex syndromes such as phlegm-stasis interconnection. Consequently, the blood-activating and depression-relieving method is proposed as the fundamental therapeutic approach for PSD, with its advantage lying in simultaneously addressing both “stasis” and “depression” to break the pathological cycle. The article further reviews the research progress of four representative blood-activating and depression-relieving herbs: Curcuma (Zanthoxylum) root, Albizia (Albizia) bark, Rose (Rosa) flower, and Salvia (Salvia) root. From historical herbal records to modern pharmacological studies, it elucidates their modern scientific mechanisms: the “blood-activating” effects through anti-platelet aggregation, microcirculation improvement, and neuroinflammation inhibition, as well as the “depression-relieving” effects via modulation of monoamine neurotransmitters and brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Finally, the synergistic relationship between blood-activating and depression-relieving therapies is discussed. The conclusion suggests that the blood-activating and depression-relieving method not only intervenes at the root of PSD’s pathological progression but also promises more durable therapeutic outcomes. Its “blood-activating” effect aligns with secondary prevention strategies for cerebrovascular events, holding significant clinical implications for breaking the “stroke-depression-restroke” vicious cycle and achieving dual physical and mental rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shiyang Lu, Miao Zhang, Jie Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Recent Physiotherapy Advancement and Future Orientation in Respiratory Care
Respiratory physiotherapists have a key role to perform respiratory care modalities that include oxygen therapy, breathing treatments, pulmonary drainage, mechanical ventilation & cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The current narrative review emphasizes the profession’s diversity, summarises the recent confirmation and practice and addresses future research orientation in respiratory care. Here, we briefly contour the areas that respiratory physiotherapists can act in the comprehensive care of patients with respiratory conditions. Additionally, we emphasize the areas in which further confirmation require to be gathered to approve the efficacy of respiratory therapy techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tahnam Pactima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Enhancing Lung Cancer Detection with Deep Learning: A CT Image Classification Approach
Lung cancer is a highly perilous illness ranking as one of the primary causes of disease and death, particularly when diagnosed in its initial stages. It presents significant challenges, as it is often only discernible after it has already diffused. This study proposes a lung cancer prognostication framework that uses deep learning to enhance the accuracy of cancer forecasting and disease determination, thereby enabling personalized treatment approaches based on disease severity. It consists of various steps, including image preprocessing and segmentation of lung CT image features extracted from the segmented images. Three different models, namely a DCNN model, a DCDNN model, and an ANN model, were employed for image classification, and a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) was employed to detect lung diagnosis based on the extracted feature evaluation results showing the best accuracy of 99.41% in accurately discerning the presence or absence of lung cancer. The GAN model generates realistic lung CT scan images by training a generator to produce authentic images, and a discriminator to distinguish between real and fake images. The outcome of the system depends on the quality of the data, and a well-trained DCNN through training, validation, and testing on diverse datasets is crucial to ensure the reliability and generalizability of the model.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeeth Kvika, Savitha Devlin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Standardization and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Herbal Drink Inclusion with the Herbal Components
A herbal beverage that was optimised and blended using sweet basil, ginger, mint, lemon juice, and sugar syrup was kept at room temperature for 60 days. It underwent physical - chemical, sensory, and microbiological investigation. For two months at room temperature, significant changes in pH, total soluble solids, and acidity were seen. The Total soluble solids increased during the storage period and were reported to be increased by (13.0 ± 0.14 to 14.4 ± 0.4) °Brix at 60 days. pH (4.41 ± 0.11 to 2.12 ± 0.02) and titratable acidity (0.54 ± 0.03 to 0.28 ± 0.01) were decreased in the storage period. Overall acceptability was also decreased (8.5±0.02 to 4.1 ± 0.05) after 60 days. T2 (Tulsi: ginger; mint; sugar syrup; lemon juice) (15: 10: 20: 40: 5) revealed the commercial potential for producing good and healthy herbal drink mixes, which will also be useful in supplying the consumer with good nutraceutical potential. The shelf life of the herbal drinks was determined to be interval at 15 days in room temperature; however, after this point, the acceptability decreased. It is suggested that the product be utilised within 15 days by elderly, young, and children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Muzammil, Manshieel Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
HPV-p16 as Major Etiological Agent in Causation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
According to recent WHO 2020 statastics Oral cancers ranked as 13th most common cancer worldwide. The global incidence of cancers of the lip and oral cavity is estimated to be 3, 77, 713 new cases and 1, 77, 757 deaths in 2020. [1] Oral cancer is more common in men and in older people, more deadly in men compared to women and it varies strongly by socio-economic circumstances and it is 20 per 100000 population that makes 30% of overall cacers in India. [1]Multiple studies have been published stating tobacco and betel nut chewing, smoking, alcohol consumption as major etiological factor in causation of Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This is multifactorial from which we focussed on our aim to establish Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-p16 as one of the major etiological agent in the causation of OSCC. Hence this study includes three hierarchial molecular marker p16-a molecular marker for HPV, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) as pathway activator, and Ki67 as cellular proliferation factor. [2] This observational study included 78 cases of both biopsies and resection specimens and studied various other parameters like age, gender, presentation of lesion, site distribution, histomorphological spectrum and complete TNM staging and stage grouping for 31 resection cases. All mentioned parameters are then correlated with the so said IHC markers-p16, EGFR and Ki67 and results were analyzed and concluded.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mankita Brupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Assessing Liver Function in Beta-Thalassemia Patients: Exploring Blood Transfusion-Related Complications
Aim and objective: To find out the proportion of transfusion reaction symptoms of beta-thalassemia in paediatric age group patients and to estimate the biochemical parameters of liver functions and correlate them with serum ferritin levels. Material and method: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 children with known beta thalassemia aged between 2-12 years on repeated blood transfusion. A thorough clinical examination with particular importance on the presence of pallor, jaundice, and signs of thalassemic features was done. An abdominal examination was done to rule out hepatosplenomegaly. Blood samples were collected for appropriate investigations including serum ferritin level, transferrin saturation, and liver function test. Results: In this study, 27.5% and 72.5% of children belonged to the 2-5 years and 6-12 years age category respectively. The majority of study subjects were male (65.33%). The incidence of jaundice, ascites, and hepatomegaly was found to be 90.83%, 36.67%, and 100% respectively. The incidence of jaundice, ascites, and hepatomegaly are more common in older age children. A significant positive correlation was found between serum ferritin and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and SGPT (P<0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, there was a positive significant correlation between serum ferritin and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and SGPT. Thus, as serum ferritin increases there is an increase in liver function parameters and enzymes and there will be more derangement in liver function probably because of an iron overload condition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hiraishi Pallarde, Pathak Surawade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0