Journal of Contemporary Medical Practice
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Serkan TURSUN ISSN: 2006-2745 Frequency: Monthly Submit Email: jcmp@bryanhousepub.org APC: $300 Journal of Contemporary Medical Practice (JCMP) is an initiative to encourage researchers, clinicians and individuals to share research advances the field of addiction medicine. The Journal of Contemporary Medical Practice is a unique platform that publishes current findings in science and medicine and promotes health and wellness. The editorial board of JCMP is a committed team of experts that ensures quality publishing of complete and reliable sources of information on discoveries and current developments in the field of Contemporary Medical Practice. It is a scientific, internationally refereed journal that publishes retrospective / prospective clinical and laboratory studies, interesting case presentations, invited collections, editorial letters, original images, short reports and surgical technical articles about every branch of medicine.
Progress in Clinical Research on Treatment of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis of Spleen-Stomach Deficiency-Cold Type with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
Chronic atrophic gastritis of spleen and stomach deficiency cold type is a common digestive disease in clinical practice, and significant progress has been made in its treatment research in recent years. This condition is mainly caused by the weakness of spleen and stomach function and the internal generation of cold, with clinical manifestations including dull pain in the stomach area, preference for warmth and pressure, loss of appetite, and fatigue. In modern medicine, Western medicine often employs methods such as eradicating Helicobacter pylori, promoting gastric motility, and inhibiting gastric acid, but these approaches have issues such as numerous adverse reactions and a high tedency for recurrence. Traditional Chinese medicine has shown unique advantages in the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis of spleen and stomach deficiency cold type. Therefore, the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine has also become a major trend. This article provides a review of the research on the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis of spleen and stomach deficiency cold type.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xinlei Wang, Yi Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Advances on the Role of Immune Cells and Inflammatory Mediators in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by dynamic interactions between lipid metabolism and immune responses. Its initiation and progression are co-regulated by innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immune cells are central to early plaque development. Neutrophils release pro-inflammatory mediators, including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which contribute to endothelial dysfunction and tissue injury. Circulating monocytes infiltrate the arterial intima and differentiate into macrophages. These macrophages can polarize into distinct phenotypes, typically categorized as pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2; an imbalance between these states exacerbates plaque inflammation. A pivotal early event is the uptake of modified lipoproteins—such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)—via scavenger receptors (e.g., SR-A1 and CD36), leading to the formation of lipid-laden foam cells, a hallmark of early lesions. Adaptive immune responses also shape disease progression and plaque stability. Among CD4+ T helper subsets, Th1 cells promote atherosclerosis by secreting interferon-γ (IFN-γ), whereas Th17 cells and their signature cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) are often associated with disease amplification. In contrast, regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert atheroprotective effects by suppressing immune activation and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). B cells also contribute: B1 cells are generally protective, in part through natural IgM production, whereas B2 cells may be pro-atherogenic. Key inflammatory pathways sustain the chronic inflammatory milieu within plaques. The NLRP3 inflammasome, activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as cholesterol crystals, induces caspase-1 activation, which cleaves pro–IL-1β and pro–IL-18 into their bioactive forms. Cytokines including IL-1β and IL-6 are major drivers of inflammation; IL-1β upregulates endothelial adhesion molecules, whereas IL-6 promotes the hepatic production of acute-phase reactants. The association between systemic inflammatory diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis) and accelerated atherosclerosis further underscores the importance of shared immune pathways. This review synthesizes these interactions to provide a framework for understanding atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yan Wang, Huiling Cao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Correlation Model Construction and Validation of Coronary Artery Stenosis Degree Based on TCM Syndromes and Coronary Heart Disease-Related Parameters
Objective: To investigate the relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD)-related indicators and the degree of coronary artery stenosis in patients based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes, and to provide a reference for clinicians to predict the severity of coronary artery lesions in CHD patients. Methods: Clinical data of 277 hospitalized patients diagnosed with CHD who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) in the Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, from June 2023 to June 2025 were collected, including 163 males and 114 females. The patients were divided into the severe CHD group (Gensini score ≥32 points, n=69) and the mild CHD group (Gensini score <32 points, n=208) according to the Gensini score. General information including gender, age, underlying disease history, smoking history, and multiple laboratory indicators of the patients were collected. Univariate analysis was first used to screen the influencing factors of CHD severity; the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm was applied to correct factor collinearity and screen the optimal matching factors. These factors were then included in the multivariate forward stepwise logistic regression analysis to identify independent influencing factors and draw a nomogram. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and clinical decision curve were used to verify the discrimination, accuracy, and clinical application efficacy of the model. Results: 1) Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the levels of lymphocyte (LYM), cardiac troponin (cTn), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lipoprotein a (Lp(a)) between the two groups (P < 0.05). 2) LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression identified 9 independent influencing factors for coronary artery stenosis, including smoking, diabetes mellitus, ln(cTn), HDL, Lp(a), uric acid, cystatin C, blood stasis syndrome, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (P < 0.05). Among them, HDL was an independent negatively correlated factor, and the others were positively correlated factors. 3) The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the model group was 0.760 (95% CI: 0.713, 0.806) and that of the validation group was 0.745 (95% CI: 0.714, 0.776), indicating good discrimination of the model. 4) The clinical decision curve and clinical impact curve showed that the model achieved the maximum clinical net benefit when the threshold probability was 0.12-0.76 in the model group and 0.18-0.57 in the validation group. Conclusion: 1) Smoking, diabetes mellitus, ln(cTn), HDL, Lp(a), uric acid, cystatin C, blood stasis syndrome, and NLR are independent risk factors for the degree of coronary artery stenosis in CHD patients. 2) Combined detection of serum levels of ln(cTn), HDL, Lp(a), uric acid, and cystatin C has reference value for predicting the degree of coronary artery stenosis in CHD patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ge Liu, Junru Zhang, Yang Wang, Cong Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
A Study on the Pathogenesis of Spastic Cerebral Palsy in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation Intervention Approaches
Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common disabling neurological disorder in children, accounting for 60%-70% of all cerebral palsy cases [1]. It is primarily characterized by increased muscle tone, delayed motor development, abnormal posture, and joint contractures. Modern medicine recognizes its pathological core as impaired motor control resulting from upper motor neuron damage [2]. Clinical interventions include physical rehabilitation training, occupational therapy, physical agent therapy, oral muscle relaxants, botulinum toxin injections, selective dorsal rhizotomy, and various orthopedic surgeries [3]. While these approaches can improve motor function and alleviate spasticity to some extent, significant challenges persist, including wide variations in treatment efficacy, pronounced side effects, and difficulties in long-term rehabilitation. Traditional Chinese medicine categorizes this condition under terms such as “five delays,” “five rigidities,” “spasm syndrome,” “muscle spasm,” and “atrophy syndrome” [4]. It posits that the pathological location is in the brain, involving the liver, kidneys, and spleen. The underlying pathology is characterized by a deficiency at the root and an excess at the branch—with liver-kidney deficiency and spleen-kidney insufficiency as the root, and phlegm-stasis obstructing the collaterals and tightness of tendons and vessels as the branch. Treatment emphasizes methods such as tonifying the kidneys and replenishing essence, softening the liver and relaxing tendons, strengthening the spleen and transforming phlegm, and invigorating blood and unblocking collaterals. It comprehensively employs acupuncture, massage, internal and external administration of Chinese herbal medicine, and qigong exercises, synergizing with modern rehabilitation techniques to offer distinct advantages. This paper systematically reviews ancient and modern literature, integrating contemporary clinical research to comprehensively summarize the etiology, core pathogenesis, and common pattern differentiation of spastic cerebral palsy in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It focuses on core therapeutic principles—tonifying the kidneys and replenishing essence, soothing the liver and relaxing tendons, strengthening the spleen and invigorating qi, promoting blood circulation and resolving stasis, resolving phlegm and unblocking collaterals, pacifying liver wind, and relieving spasms. It systematically elucidates the clinical application patterns, therapeutic characteristics, and synergistic advantages with modern rehabilitation of comprehensive interventions including acupuncture, tuina massage, internal herbal medicine, external herbal treatments, and traditional guided exercises. Simultaneously, it objectively analyzes current challenges in TCM interventions for spastic cerebral palsy, including inconsistent pattern differentiation, insufficient mechanism research, incomplete objective evaluation systems, scarcity of high-quality clinical studies, and inadequate standardized implementation. It further outlines future development directions: multidisciplinary integration, objective assessment, precise pattern differentiation, collaborative TCM-Western medicine rehabilitation, and home-based appropriate technologies. This paper aims to provide a systematic, comprehensive, actionable, and scalable theoretical framework and practical approach for TCM clinical rehabilitation of spastic cerebral palsy. It offers scientific reference for advancing related clinical and basic research, while providing theoretical support for enhancing rehabilitation outcomes in pediatric cerebral palsy, improving patients’ quality of life, and alleviating the burden on families and society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anqi Wang, Hui Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Progress in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Osthole
As a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by complex pathogenic mechanisms and a lack of effective therapeutic options, and has become a global public health challenge. Most current mainstream therapeutic agents target a single pathological process, with limited efficacy and frequent adverse effects. Consequently, identifying multi-target, low-toxicity active compounds from traditional Chinese medicine has emerged as an important research direction. Osthole, the major coumarin monomer component of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss., exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as modulation of the cholinergic system. However, its specific mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease have not yet been systematically summarized and elucidated. This paper aims to systematically review recent preclinical and clinical research progress on osthole in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, with a particular focus on its regulatory effects on key pathological processes such as β-amyloid protein deposition, Tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction. Existing evidence indicates that osthole can reduce Aβ production by inhibiting β-secretase activity, enhance autophagic clearance of abnormal proteins, attenuate neuroinflammation by suppressing excessive microglial activation, and improve mitochondrial function to counteract oxidative damage. In animal models, it has also been shown to ameliorate cognitive and memory impairments. These findings preliminarily reveal the potential of osthole to intervene in the pathological progression of Alzheimer’s disease via multiple pathways and targets, providing important experimental evidence and theoretical support for the development of novel Alzheimer’s disease therapies based on single compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicine, and laying a solid foundation for future in-depth studies on its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yan Li, Shan Tao, Hui Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Relationship between Attributional Style, Resilience and Sleep Quality among Military Personnel Stationed in a Certain Plateau Area
Objective: To investigate the current status of sleep quality and its relationship with attributional style and resilience among military personnel stationed in a certain plateau area. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among military personnel stationed at a specific location in a certain plateau area using a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: Participants scored 36.19±12.71 for negative event attributional style, 76.45±17.83 for resilience, and 2.85±2.28 for sleep quality. Attributional style scores were positively correlated with sleep quality scores (r=0.132, P<0.01), whereas resilience scores were negatively correlated with sleep quality scores (r=-0.313, P<0.01). Age, educational level, marital status, duration of stay in the certain plateau area, altitude of station, attributional style, and resilience were all identified as influencing factors for sleep quality. Conclusion: The sleep quality of military personnel stationed in the certain plateau area appears to be relatively good. The study suggests that maladaptive attributional styles and lower levels of resilience may be contributing factors to poorer sleep quality. Future mental health management interventions could target attributional styles and resilience to improve the sleep quality and overall psychological well-being of military personnel in the certain plateau area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zihao Wang, Yuan Gao, Hui Wang, Zhengfa Xiang, Rongrong Luan, Xin Zhao, Juanni Yang, Peng Wang Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Evaluating Grip Strength and Hand Performance among School - Going Children Who Use Smartphones: A Cross-Sectional Study
This study investigated the interaction effects between high frequency smartphone use and its effect on handgrip, pinch strengths, and functional hand performance in children. [Participants and Methods] A total of 240 school going children aged between 9 and 15 were taken in this study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Minimum of 2-3 hours of smartphone use since 2 years daily was considered. A hand dynamometer and pinch gauge were used to measure handgrip and pinch strength respectively. Smartphone Addiction scale was used to identify smartphone addicts. Abilhand ABILHANDKIDS Questionnaire - English version was used to assess hand function [Results] The results indicated that a longer duration of average daily smartphone usage was related and contributed to a weaker hand-grip and pinch-grip strength. Motor functions were likely to be affected [Conclusion] Results indicated that high levels of smartphone use diminished hand and pinch-grip strengths as well as and hand function. The effects of smartphone use frequency on grip and hand-pinches strengths were not the same for the dominant and non-dominant hands; the non-dominant hand expressed low values for all four strength variables among high-frequency smartphone users. Majority of children were found to be addicted to smartphone.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayed Shah, Kheyrand Shivdiisha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Mechanism of Huanji Zhixie Decoction in Improving Diarrhea - Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome of Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency Pattern via Mediating the TP53-PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a functional bowel disorder with chronic recurrent diarrhea, abdominal pain and abdominal distension as the core symptoms, accompanied by intestinal motility disorder, visceral hypersensitivity and abnormal intestinal mucosal barrier function. Its pathogenesis involves multiple levels including intestinal mucosal barrier injury, neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) network imbalance, intestinal flora disorder and abnormal regulation of signaling pathways. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the core pathogenesis of IBS-D is “spleen deficiency and liver hyperactivity, internal retention of dampness and turbidity”. Huanji Zhixie Decoction, a self-designed TCM compound prescription by Director Yu Tao for the clinical treatment of IBS-D, has the effects of soothing the liver and invigorating the spleen, relieving depression and eliminating dampness, stopping diarrhea and resolving stagnation. Its clinical efficacy has been initially verified, but the mechanism of action has not been fully clarified. The TP53-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, as a key pathway regulating cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism, plays an important role in the repair of intestinal mucosal barrier, regulation of intestinal motility and maintenance of inflammatory microenvironment homeostasis, and is closely related to the core pathological features of IBS-D. This paper systematically sorts out the modern medical research progress of IBS-D, TCM theoretical understanding and application basis of Huanji Zhixie Decoction, focuses on the mechanism of the TP53-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in IBS-D and the regulatory effect of TCM compound prescriptions on this pathway, and finally points out the current research gaps and the research ideas of this subject, so as to provide theoretical basis and literature support for the mechanism research of Huanji Zhixie Decoction in the treatment of IBS-D.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hongwei Wang, Tao Yu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Gut Microbiota-short-chain Fatty Acid Axis: Novel Perspective for Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention in Acute Pancreatitis
In recent years, the role of gut microbiota and its key metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in acute pancreatitis (AP) has gained significant attention. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as an important traditional medical system, demonstrates unique potential in regulating gut microbiota balance and treating AP. This review explores recent research progress on TCM intervention in AP through modulation of the gut microbiota-SCFAs axis, to provide novel insights and strategies for the prevention and treatment of AP.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhexi Li, Liang Song https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Advances in Research on GDF-15 in Heart Failure Patients with Concurrent Frailty
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a cytokine responsive to stress, has been recently validated as a pivotal molecule that bridges heart failure and frailty. Studies have shown that GDF-15 levels are significantly correlated with the degree of frailty and poor prognosis in patients with heart failure, making it a promising biomarker for risk stratification and individualized treatment in this population. This article systematically elaborates on the mechanism of action, related signaling pathways, and prognostic evaluation value of GDF-15 in the comorbidity of heart failure and frailty, aiming to provide new theoretical basis and research ideas for exploring intervention strategies targeting GDF-15, optimizing multidimensional management schemes for heart failure with frailty, and improving patient clinical outcomes in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhengyun Xi, Hui Wang, Shu Lu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research on the Progression of Pathogenesis in “Gout” with Turbidity, Stasis and Obstruction - Spleen Deficiency and Collateral Damage
As a refractory metabolic disorder, gout poses challenges in long-term management for modern medicine due to adverse reactions and high recurrence rates, highlighting the unique advantages of holistic regulation in traditional Chinese medicine. Contemporary TCM perspectives on gout have deepened: Zhu Liangchun established “turbid-stasis obstruction” as the pathological core; Lu Zhizheng emphasised the spleen-stomach axis’s pivotal role in “Maintaining the Centre, Transporting to the Periphery” as the pivotal role of the spleen and stomach. Jiang Quan proposed “spleen-kidney deficiency” as the root cause of the disease, while Qin Guozheng focused on the microscopic pathological location of luo disease. Each scholar’s theory possesses distinctive characteristics, yet the logical relationships and evolutionary trajectory among them remain to be clarified. This paper, through systematic review of these discourses, identifies a progressive deepening in their conceptual framework: from the symptomatic focus on “turbidity and stasis” to the fundamental emphasis on “spleen and kidney deficiency,” and finally to the micro-pathological site of “collaterals.” Building upon this foundation, the study further explores a sequential therapeutic approach: “strengthening the spleen and tonifying the kidneys to consolidate the root, draining turbidity and resolving stasis to clear the source, and unblocking collaterals and dispersing nodules to reach the location.” This aims to construct a TCM diagnostic framework for gout integrating “manifestation-root-location,” providing a theoretical basis for clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xu Hao, Li Qun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on Common Complications after Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, is a major surgical treatment for some severe hepatobiliary diseases. During the operation, not only is it necessary to explore the abdominal cavity for the patient, but also to help the patient with the resection of the duodenum and the reconstruction of the digestive tract. Each step is particularly important [1]. This surgery requires the resection of multiple organs and the completion of complex digestive tract reconstruction, with high operational difficulty and a high rate of postoperative complications. It is one of the most challenging surgeries in the field of abdominal surgery. Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) was first reported by Gagner and Pomp in 1994. In the early stage, it was limited due to high postoperative complication and mortality rates, as well as no advantages in terms of hospital stay and cost [2]. LPD is one of the most complex laparoscopic surgeries, involving the resection of multiple organs, large surgical trauma, and complex digestive tract reconstruction steps, with a high incidence of postoperative complications. Therefore, in the early stage of LPD, its safety and effectiveness were widely questioned due to high postoperative mortality and severe complications. In recent years, with the improvement of laparoscopic techniques and the continuous update of surgical instruments, LPD has developed rapidly and has become a routine surgical method in some large pancreatic surgery centers in China [3]. Recent retrospective clinical studies have shown that LPD has the advantages of less bleeding and faster postoperative recovery, and its postoperative complication rate, mortality rate, and oncological treatment effect are similar to or even better than those of traditional open surgery [4-8]. Postoperative complications are very likely to occur in patients, and clinical studies suggest that this situation usually occurs within one week after surgery. Patients may experience significant abdominal distension, abdominal tenderness, and even a certain degree of high fever. An increase in the volume of abdominal drainage fluid can be found when performing abdominal drainage for the patient. If the amylase level in the patient’s abdominal drainage fluid increases, it can be confirmed that the patient has developed a pancreatic fistula. Generally, non-surgical methods are chosen for treatment. Different methods of digestive tract reconstruction also have their own value in preventing the occurrence of pancreatic fistula [9]. PD is a surgical operation with high technical difficulty, complex operation, and a high rate of postoperative complications. The classic Whipple procedure and various modified procedures have become safe and effective treatment methods. However, the high perioperative mortality rate has long hindered the promotion of this surgery [10]. With the improvement of surgical techniques, standardized perioperative care and complication management, the postoperative mortality rate of PD has dropped to less than 5% [11]. This has expanded its indications from pancreatic cancer to cystic tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, and other uncommon tumors. However, the overall perioperative complication rate of PD still ranges from 30% to 60%, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases medical costs [12]. Accurate preoperative assessment and standardized surgical procedures can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative complications [13]. Active, reasonable, and effective management of postoperative complications is crucial for improving the short-term prognosis of patients. This article systematically introduces common postoperative complications of PD based on domestic and foreign literature and the clinical experience of our center.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qi Zhang, Li Ren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Mechanism of Th1/Th2 Immune Response Imbalance in Hepatic Multilocular Echinococcosis
Hepatic multilocular echinococcosis (Em) is a parasitic disease caused by infection with Echinococcus multilocularis (Em). Its pathological characteristics are that the lesion is composed of vesicles with a diameter of millimeters, which grow and proliferate in the liver, forming a central liquefaction necrosis and patchy calcification, with liver tissue infiltrating the “lesion” [1]. Research has found that Echinococcus can survive and proliferate in the host’s body for a long time, highly dependent on its ability to evade host immune surveillance and attacks. By actively regulating the host’s immune response, it gradually forms a series of complex and sophisticated immune regulatory mechanisms [2]. At present, it is believed that the immune evasion response caused by hepatic echinococcosis is closely related to the mutual regulation of Th cells and their secreted cytokines. The research results of Rigano et al. indicate that the imbalance of Th1/Th2 immune response plays an important role in the immune response to hydatid infection [3]. This study elucidates the immune regulatory mechanism of hepatic multilocular echinococcosis, with a focus on the central role of Th cell-mediated immune response imbalance in the occurrence and development of the disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jiawen Deng, Li Ren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Image Quality Assessment of Reduced Field-of-View DWI in Rectal Cancer and Its Role in Preoperative T Staging
Objective: To construct reduced field-of-view diffusion-weighted imaging (rFOV DWI) based on a 3.0T MRI system and evaluate its technical advantages in rectal cancer imaging, as well as its diagnostic value for preoperative T staging, through comparative analysis of image quality with conventional field-of-view DWI (cFOV DWI). Materials and Methods: Forty-seven patients with pathologically confirmed rectal adenocarcinoma were prospectively enrolled from March 2023 to December 2024, with 30 cases selected for image quality comparison. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. All patients underwent preoperative MRI examinations, including both cFOV DWI and rFOV DWI. A paired study design was employed to analyze the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the two DWI sequences. Subjective image quality scoring (5-point scale) was performed using a double-blind method. Paired t-tests were used to compare objective parameters, while Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were applied for subjective scoring differences and ADC value comparisons between the two sequences. Postoperative pathological T staging served as the gold standard, and the diagnostic accuracy of rFOV DWI was evaluated using Kappa consistency analysis. Results: rFOV DWI demonstrated significantly higher objective image quality metrics compared to cFOV DWI (SNR: 139.86 ± 41.54 vs. 156.36 ± 35.94; CNR: 1.87 ± 0.43 vs. 2.24 ± 0.45, P < 0.001). Subjective image quality scores for rFOV DWI were also significantly superior (P < 0.001), indicating higher resolution, reduced distortion, and clearer lesion visualization. Preoperative T staging using rFOV DWI showed good consistency with pathological results (Kappa = 0.650, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The rFOV DWI technique significantly improves MRI image quality in rectal cancer by optimizing the scanning field of view. Its preoperative T staging demonstrates strong agreement with pathological outcomes, highlighting its critical clinical value.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rui Fan, Yumeng Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Antitumor Mechanisms of Nano-Realgar
Realgar is a sulfide mineral realgar of the realgar family, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. In modern clinical research, it has been applied to leukemia and tumor treatments. However, clinical application of realgar is limited due to its insolubility and low bioavailability. This problem may be solved by using realgar nanoparticles which have shown unique advantages. In this paper, the ancient and modern applications of realgar and the preparation method of realgar nanoparticle are summarized. The antitumor mechanisms of realgar nanoparticles in recent years are explored to provide a reference for the in-depth research of realgar in the field of tumor therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huiyu Zhang, Hongyi Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), as the primary microvascular complication of diabetes, is a major cause of blindness in adults. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) classifies it under categories such as “night blindness,” “internal cataract,” and “sudden blindness,” attributing its pathogenesis to factors including congenital deficiency, dietary and emotional imbalances, improper medication, and prolonged consumption of excessive sweets, liquids, and fats. In recent years, TCM has demonstrated unique advantages in DR prevention and treatment through stage- and pattern-specific therapies, including compound formulas, proprietary Chinese medicines, single herbs, and acupuncture. This systematic review summarizes recent advances in TCM understanding of DR pathogenesis and pattern-differentiated treatment approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xinmiao Liu, Jing’an Tong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Exploring Cervical Cancer Treatment Approaches Based on Spleen-Kidney Differentiation Through the Theory of “Cold Qi Generating Turbidity”
Cervical cancer, a common gynecological malignancy, exhibits a rising incidence rate. Modern Western medical treatments not only carry side effects but also face high recurrence rates. This paper, grounded in the traditional Chinese medicine theory of “cold qi generating turbidity,” analyzes classical texts and modern medical experience. Integrating both Chinese and Western pathological understandings of cervical cancer, it explores the role of spleen-kidney yang deficiency and accumulated turbid pathogens in the disease’s pathogenesis. Research indicates that insufficiency of spleen-kidney yang qi disrupts qi and blood transformation, depriving the uterus of warmth and nourishment. This allows cold qi to congeal with turbid pathogens like damp phlegm and blood stasis, ultimately forming cancer toxins. Therapeutic approaches emphasize warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney, resolving turbidity, and detoxifying. Modified classical formulas combined with insect-derived herbs are used to clear uterine stasis. Clinical cases demonstrate this approach improves symptoms and delays disease progression. This study suggests the “cold generates turbidity” theory offers a new direction for TCM diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer. By integrating traditional theory with modern pathological mechanisms, it provides valuable reference for enhancing clinical efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jingjing Ma, Jianwei Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
A Study on the Medicinal Patterns of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis represents a pivotal stage in the progression of chronic liver disease towards cirrhosis, exhibiting reversibility and thus underscoring the critical importance of early intervention. Presently, Western medicine lacks specific anti-fibrotic agents, whereas traditional Chinese medicine demonstrates unique advantages in preventing and treating liver fibrosis. This study employed data mining on 147 patented TCM compound formulas to analyse their prescribing patterns, including drug frequency, properties, meridian tropism, and combination formulations. High-frequency herbs predominantly comprised Astragalus membranaceus, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Carapax Testudinis, and Angelica sinensis, exhibiting predominantly cold, warm, or neutral natures. Their tastes were chiefly bitter, sweet, or pungent, with primary meridian tropism towards the liver and spleen channels. Blood-activating and stasis-resolving agents, alongside tonic herbs, form the therapeutic core, supplemented by heat-clearing, dampness-draining, and qi-regulating substances. Cluster analysis further identified multiple core drug combinations, whose mechanisms of action were explored through network pharmacology. These findings provide theoretical foundations for TCM treatment of liver fibrosis, while also offering guidance for novel drug development and optimisation of clinical prescribing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juan Huang, Fanrong Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Treatment of IBS-D with Huanji Zhixie Decoction Based on the Gut-Brain Axis Mechanism
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea (IBS-D) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder with unclear etiology, and the curative effect of Western medicine on symptom relief is limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation focuses on the core pathogenesis of “liver depression and spleen deficiency” and emphasizes regulating the liver and invigorating the spleen in treatment. Based on clinical experience from 4,800 cases, Professor Yu Tao modified Tongxie Yaofang (Puerariae Lobatae and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Decoction for Diarrhea with Pain) and developed the self-formulated “Huanji Zhixie Decoction” (Relieving Spasms and Stopping Diarrhea Decoction), which has achieved remarkable clinical results in strengthening the spleen, soothing the liver, eliminating dampness and relieving diarrhea. Modern research suggests that this decoction regulates 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammatory pathways through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, improving gut-brain interaction through multiple targets, and providing a safe and effective new strategy of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for IBS-D treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wei Zhang, Pengnian Zhang, Tao Yu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on Defocus Spectacle Lenses for Myopia Control in Adolescents
Myopia has emerged as a global public health concern, with a particularly rising prevalence among children and adolescents in China. Based on the theory of peripheral retinal defocus, defocus spectacle lenses aim to correct central vision while simultaneously inducing myopic defocus in the peripheral retina to inhibit excessive axial elongation, thereby slowing myopia progression. This article reviews the theoretical foundation and clinical research progress of defocus spectacle lenses in juvenile myopia control, with a focus on analyzing the efficacy of three design types: DIMS, HAL, and CARE. Additionally, factors influencing treatment outcomes and standardized application are discussed to provide a reference for clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chun Zhang, Jianchao Li, Jie Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
An Understanding of the Treatment Principle “Open the Ghost Gate, Purify the Bladder, and Remove Stagnant Dampness” from the Huangdi Neijing in the Context of Edema Caused by Membranous Nephropathy
In recent years, the incidence of membranous nephropathy has risen significantly, and most patients initially present with edema. The classic theory proposed in the “Huangdi Neijing” — “open the gates of the ghost, cleanse the reservoir, and remove stagnant waste” — provides important guiding principles for the treatment of such edema. This article briefly explores our understanding of how the Huangdi Neijing’s principle of “opening the gates of the ghost, cleansing the reservoir, and removing stagnant waste” can be applied to treat edema caused by membranous nephropathy, highlighting the guiding significance and value of this classical theory in modern clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yan Bai, Chunying Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Liver Fibrosis and Advances in Antioxidant Therapy Using Natural Products
The correlation between oxidative stress and liver fibrosis has garnered extensive attention from scholars worldwide. Research indicates that oxidative stress may be a key factor in the onset and progression of liver fibrosis. Given the complex array of oxidative stress-related genes and pathways, recent studies targeting specific pathways have demonstrated therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis using certain drugs. This review will summarize the mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences liver fibrosis. It will also compile recent research progress on various natural product antioxidants targeting oxidative stress for liver fibrosis treatment, aiming to provide more effective strategies for the prevention and management of liver fibrosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jianxuan Yao, Xiaoyan Shi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Enlightenment of the Yang-Qi Theory in the Canon of Medicine on Disease Treatment
As the foundational work of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, The Canon of Medicine attaches great importance to the significance of Yang-qi in human physiological activities. It elaborates on the crucial role of Yang-qi in human life activities from multiple dimensions including etiology and pathogenesis, and analyzes the impact of Yang-qi on the human body under pathological conditions. Thus, it provides a novel perspective from the Yang-qi perspective for analyzing the etiology, pathogenesis, evolution, and prognosis of diseases, as well as health preservation and care. Subsequent physicians, based on the Yang-qi theory expounded in The Canon of Medicine and the summary of clinical practical experience, gradually formed a comprehensive and systematic exposition of disease treatment from the Yang-qi perspective, and applied this to guide clinical practice and daily health preservation. By analyzing and studying the discussions in The Canon of Medicine on the role of Yang-qi deficiency or dysfunction in disease onset and evolution, this paper systematically summarizes the guiding effect of the Yang-qi theory on disease treatment and prognosis, and further generalizes the enlightenment of the Yang-qi theory on contemporary TCM disease treatment and the modern clinical application of Yang-warming methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xinjie Ren, Feng Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Exploring the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Anorectal Diseases and the Diagnostic Thinking Based on the Huangdi Neijing
Based on the discussions in the “Huangdi Neijing” regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, and syndrome differentiation of anorectal diseases, this paper analyzes the thinking behind the etiology, pathogenesis, and syndrome differentiation of anorectal diseases, as well as related traditional Chinese medicine treatments. The occurrence of anorectal diseases in the “Huangdi Neijing” is closely related to irregular diet, emotional disorders, invasion of external pathogens, stagnation of qi and blood in the meridians, and dysfunction of the zang-fu organs. The content of syndrome differentiation for anorectal diseases in the “Huangdi Neijing” mainly includes aspects such as zang-fu organs and meridians, yin-yang and qi-blood, and disease prognosis. Although the “Huangdi Neijing” does not explicitly detail specific treatments for anorectal diseases, the related concepts and ideas it contains for prevention and treatment provide important guidance for later treatment of anorectal diseases. This paper organizes the relevant literature on anorectal diseases in the “Huangdi Neijing” in order to offer a relatively comprehensive new perspective for clinical diagnosis and treatment of anorectal diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sizhuo Qin, Chaoyang Li, Ming Yuan, Yuan Zheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
A Scoping Review of Antecedents and Protective Mechanisms of Cognitive Aging
Background: With the increasing proportion of older adults in the global population, the negative effects of cognitive aging on daily functioning and mental health have attracted growing attention from researchers. Objective: This study aimed to explore the antecedent variables of cognitive aging and to clarify their potential causal mechanisms based on previous research. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Google Scholar following the PRISMA guidelines proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Two researchers independently performed study screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. The research methods, findings, and conclusions of the included studies were then systematically reviewed. Results: A total of eight studies published after 2010 were included in the final analysis. All studies adopted longitudinal designs using latent growth models (LGM). The findings suggest that cognitive aging typically begins around the age of 50–55. Factors such as social isolation, cohabitation status, depression, social participation, lifestyle, years of education, income level, leisure activities, and midlife body mass index were found to be associated with cognitive aging and may play protective roles. Conclusion: These findings highlight several potential protective factors that may help mitigate or delay the progression of cognitive aging.
Copyright (c) 2026 Quandong Liu, Lixia Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Advances in the Extraction of Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Deep eutectic solvents (DES), a class of novel green solvents, offer a promising alternative for the extraction of bioactive compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, addressing both environmental and efficiency limitations associated with conventional organic solvents. Their advantages include straightforward synthesis, low toxicity, biodegradability, and tunable physicochemical properties. This article systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of DES for extracting various active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and volatile oils. It focuses on analyzing the structural characteristics of these compound classes and the underlying principles guiding DES selection, categorizes DES systems suitable for each class of active ingredient, and outlines the corresponding optimized process conditions. Building upon this foundation, the extraction mechanisms—particularly hydrogen bonding interactions and polarity matching between DES and target components—were investigated, and the influencing factors and underlying patterns governing DES extraction efficiency were systematically summarized. In response to current research challenges—including high viscosity, difficult separation and recovery, and the absence of a targeted design theory—future research directions were proposed to support the continued advancement of green extraction processes for traditional Chinese medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najiba Ablat, Jasur Kasim, Akbar Arxidin, Xayida Yusan, Baojian Li, Ying Gao, Jie Li, Jianguang Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy Technology in Biofluid Detection
Biofluids, serving as dynamic carriers reflecting physiological and pathological states of the organism, hold significant clinical value in disease screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. However, traditional biofluid detection technologies suffer from limitations such as cumbersome operation, long detection cycles, and insufficient sensitivity or specificity, making it difficult to meet the clinical demand for early, precise, and rapid diagnosis. Raman spectroscopy, leveraging its advantages of rapid detection, minimal sample requirements, and the ability to characterize at the molecular level, has been widely applied in the detection of various biofluids. Moreover, when combined with multivariate statistical methods and machine learning algorithms, Raman spectroscopy has demonstrated promising diagnostic potential across multiple disease areas, including tumors, central nervous system diseases, systemic diseases, and metabolic disorders. This article systematically reviews the research progress of Raman spectroscopy technology in detecting various biofluids, analyzes the challenges it faces during clinical translation, and proposes targeted solutions. It also looks forward to future development trends, such as its integration with multiple technologies, expansion of application scenarios, development of portable devices, and in-depth fundamental research, aiming to provide theoretical references and practical foundations for subsequent research and clinical translation in this field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yiwei Gong, Xiong Wu, Zihan Xia, Hui Zhao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on High-Altitude Adaptation Characteristics of Bilirubin Metabolism and the Regulatory Role of the UGT1A Gene Family
The hypoxic environment at high altitude poses significant challenges to the body’s metabolic system. Bilirubin, as an end product of heme metabolism and an endogenous antioxidant, plays an important role in high-altitude adaptation through its metabolic regulation. This article systematically reviews the characteristic changes in bilirubin metabolism among high-altitude populations and the regulatory mechanisms of the UGT1A gene family. A review of relevant domestic and international research literature indicates that bilirubin levels in high-altitude populations exhibit an altitude-dependent increase, with significant differences between native and migrant populations. Bilirubin participates in high-altitude adaptation through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. UGT1A1 is the key enzyme catalyzing bilirubin glucuronidation, and its gene polymorphisms (UGT1A1*28, *6, etc.) significantly affect enzyme activity and bilirubin levels. The distribution of UGT1A gene frequencies in high-altitude populations is unique and significantly associated with bilirubin phenotypes. Mendelian randomization studies have confirmed a genetic causal relationship between high-altitude adaptation and total bilirubin. Risk prediction models based on UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms have demonstrated application value in the prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in plateau regions. In summary, the regulation of bilirubin metabolism mediated by the UGT1A gene family is one of the important mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation in plateau populations. Future multicenter, large-sample functional validation studies are needed to promote its clinical translation in the health management of high-altitude populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dongfeng Zhang, Yiqing Shu, Yongjun He https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome Edema Based on the Theory of Huangdi Neijing Integrating Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
Huangdi Neijing, honored as the “Origin of Medicine,” is the foremost of the four major classic texts in traditional Chinese medicine. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome caused by various etiologies, characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, varying degrees of edema, and/or hyperlipidemia. Edema typically manifests as swelling of the head, face, eyelids, limbs, and abdomen/back. Modern medicine primarily employs diuretic methods for treating NS edema, but these approaches have contraindications and limited efficacy in patients with underlying conditions or severe edema. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) demonstrates unique advantages in treating NS edema and can effectively improve patient prognosis. This paper, based on the theoretical framework of Huangdi Neijingand its fundamental treatment principle for water disorders—”opening the ghost gate, cleansing the pure mansion, and removing stagnation”—and integrating modern medical theories such as the “underfill” and “overfill” hypotheses, systematically reviews the research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of NS edema using integrated Chinese and Western medicine. The aim is to provide more comprehensive theoretical foundations and practical guidance for clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xinyue Feng, Leixin Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Mechanisms and Recent Advances in Research on Iron-Mediated Cell Death in Diabetic Cataracts
Diabetic cataract (DC) is one of the most common and blinding ocular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Its pathogenesis is complex; traditional theories suggest that hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the activation of the polyol pathway are key mechanisms. However, these mechanisms do not fully account for the rapid progression and unique characteristics of DC. In recent years, a novel, iron-dependent form of programmed cell death—ferroptosis—has attracted significant attention in the pathogenesis of various diseases due to its unique biochemical characteristics. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the core molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, explore its key role in the pathophysiology of DC, and focus on elucidating the molecular networks underlying iron metabolism imbalance, lipid peroxidation accumulation, and the collapse of the antioxidant defence system in lens epithelial cells under hyperglycaemic conditions. The article provides a detailed analysis of the roles of key signalling pathways such as Nrf2/HO-1, p53, GPX4, in regulating ferroptosis in DCs, and integrates newly identified regulatory axes, such as LCN2 and VDAC3-USP47, discovered in recent studies. Furthermore, this paper outlines the immense potential of targeting ferroptosis as a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of DC, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and future direction for elucidating the complete pathological mechanisms of DC and developing innovative drugs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shuo Wang, Jun Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Exploring the TCM Treatment of Spleen-Qi Deficiency and Qi Stagnation Type Chronic Non-Atrophic Gastritis with Erosions Based on the Theory of “Spleen-Stomach Deficiency-Cold and Qi Stagnation in the Middle Jiao”
Chronic non-atrophic gastritis with erosions is a clinically common digestive system disease. Spleen-Qi deficiency with Qi stagnation and deficiency-cold in the Middle Jiao represent one of its most frequent syndrome types. The disease is located in the stomach and closely related to the spleen and liver. Its pathogenesis is characterized by asthenia in origin and sthenia in superficiality, with the root cause being weakness of the spleen and stomach, and the manifestations being Qi stagnation and cold congelation. Centered on the theory of “Spleen-Stomach Deficiency-Cold and Qi Stagnation in the Middle Jiao,” this paper systematically elaborates on the TCM diagnostic and therapeutic approach for spleen-Qi deficiency and Qi stagnation type chronic non-atrophic gastritis with erosions. It covers aspects such as theoretical connotation, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment principles and methods, prescription and medication application, and nursing care. The paper emphasizes the simultaneous application of methods including invigorating spleen and supplementing Qi, warming the Middle Jiao and dispelling cold, regulating Qi and harmonizing the stomach, and protecting the gastric mucosa and promoting tissue regeneration, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for standardized clinical treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bo Cai, Li Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Exploring the Pathogenetic Characteristics and Therapeutic Strategies of Yu Syndrome Based on the Theory that “The Liver is Yin in Substance and Yang in Function”
Yu syndrome (depressive disorder) is a common clinical condition characterized by emotional disturbance, the pathogenesis of which is closely associated with dysregulation of emotions and impaired hepatic dispersion and coursing. With changes in modern lifestyles and increasing psychosocial stressors, the incidence of Yu syndrome has risen steadily. Clinically, its pathogenesis is often complex, prone to chronicity, and liable to recurrence. Current understanding predominantly attributes the disorder to liver qi stagnation; however, treatment strategies focused solely on soothing the liver and relieving stagnation have shown inconsistent efficacy in some patients, suggesting that deeper pathomechanisms warrant further exploration. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the liver governs dispersion and regulates emotional activities. The theory that “the liver is yin in substance and yang in function” elucidates the intrinsic relationship between body (ti) and function (yong) of the zang-fu organs, proposing that the liver is rooted in yin-blood as its substance while manifesting dispersion and ascending movement as its functional aspect. This theoretical framework provides a critical perspective for refining the understanding of emotional disorders associated with the liver system. Based on a systematic review of the theoretical connotations of “the liver is yin in substance and yang in function,” and in consideration of the etiological and pathodynamic characteristics of Yu syndrome, this paper reexamines the onset, progression, and transformation of Yu syndrome from the perspective of imbalance between liver substance and liver function. Furthermore, it explores corresponding principles of pattern differentiation and therapeutic strategies. The aim is to enrich the theoretical understanding of the pathogenesis of Yu syndrome and to optimize clinical treatment approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yongdan Cao, Cui Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Clinical Advances in Anesthesiology Practice: Towards Precision and Perioperative Medicine Across the Entire Surgical Journey
Anesthesiology has evolved from a discipline focused on intraoperative analgesia and safety into a core perioperative clinical specialty. This article systematically reviews significant clinical advances in anesthesiology practice in recent years, primarily covering individualized strategies for preoperative risk assessment and prehabilitation, goal-directed precision management based on multi-modal monitoring during surgery, and a rapid recovery system centered on Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) and multimodal analgesia in the postoperative period, along with the expansion of interventional therapies for chronic pain. Concurrently, it explores the profound impact of emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, visualization technologies, and organ protection on anesthesia practice. These advances collectively outline the transformation of the anesthesiologist’s role into that of a “perioperative physician,” emphasizing their core value in coordinating management and improving patients’ long-term outcomes throughout the entire surgical journey.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lei Du, Naiyue Hu, Le Yang, Jiushe Kou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment for Post-stroke Aphasia
Stroke, also known as “cerebral apoplexy,” is a severe chronic non-communicable disease characterized by acute central nervous system injury caused by vascular events, leading to neurological deficits [1]. The incidence of stroke continues to show an increasing trend in recent years, making the prevention and management of stroke and its complications a critical challenge. Among these, aphasia is the most prevalent neurological dysfunction following stroke, with an incidence rate of 21%–38% [2]. Consequently, research on post-stroke aphasia (PSA) has become one of the key and hot topics in contemporary medical studies, garnering growing attention. This article provides a review of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine approaches for treating stroke-related aphasia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ren Keming, Zhang Yi, Chen Honglu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Notch Signaling Pathway in the Intervention of Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is a highly invasive malignant tumor of the digestive system with a complex pathogenesis involving the activation of multiple signaling pathways. The abnormal activation of the Notch signaling pathway plays a key role in its occurrence and development, which promotes the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells and enhances the characteristics of cancer stem cells. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine is the main therapeutic approach for gastric cancer in China. In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have taken the Notch signaling pathway as a starting point in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer, and carried out experimental studies on the regulation of the Notch signaling pathway by various TCM extracts, monomers and compound prescriptions. This paper collects and sorts out the relevant literatures on TCM regulating the Notch signaling pathway to exert the effect of preventing and treating gastric cancer in recent years, summarizes the mechanism of the Notch signaling pathway in gastric cancer, and analyzes the current research status, aiming to provide references for subsequent research and new drug development. However, the existing research is mainly based on basic experiments, and multi-center clinical studies are urgently needed to verify its translational value. This paper provides a theoretical basis and research direction for TCM targeting the Notch pathway in the treatment of gastric cancer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yijing Wu, Gang Xiao, Raoyan Tan, Xinyi Lei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention for Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on the Theory of Liver-Kidney Homology
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by joint erosion and destruction, protracted course, and high disability rate, which belongs to the typical categories of Bi syndrome and Lijie disease in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). As the core framework for TCM syndrome differentiation of RA, the theory of Liver-Kidney Homology constructs the pathological correlation between liver-kidney function and the onset and progression of RA from three dimensions: essence-blood homology, mutual regulation of storage and drainage, and mutual nourishment of yin and yang, providing a core theoretical framework for TCM syndrome differentiation and intervention. Based on more than 70 literatures, this paper systematically reviews the connotation of the theory of Liver-Kidney Homology and its pathological association with RA, summarizes clinical evidence of different regimens from three intervention approaches: TCM compound prescriptions, acupuncture-moxibustion external therapy, and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, analyzes their mechanisms of action, combines the research limitations mentioned in the literatures, and proposes future directions, so as to provide evidence-based support for the standardized TCM diagnosis and treatment of RA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danrong Hu, Xiaojun Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Current Status and Advances in Intraoperative Adjuncts for Glioma Surgery
Gliomas, arising from glial cells or their precursors, represent the most prevalent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), accounting for approximately 40% of all CNS neoplasms and up to 80% of malignant brain tumors. These tumors are characterized by high recurrence rates, substantial mortality, and limited curative potential. Maximal safe resection remains the cornerstone of glioma management and a critical determinant of patient survival. However, the diffusely infiltrative nature of gliomas obscures tumor–brain boundaries, rendering complete resection challenging. In response, a range of intraoperative adjunct technologies has rapidly evolved to enhance the extent of resection while preserving neurological function. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in intraoperative imaging, functional mapping, and emerging optical techniques, highlighting their roles in improving surgical precision, minimizing complications, and prolonging survival. The integration of multimodal strategies is expected to further advance precision neurosurgery for glioma.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xinyue Wang, Xiaoping Zhao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
A Review of Acupuncture Treatment for Post-Stroke Hiccup
Post-stroke hiccup (PSH) is a common complication following stroke, caused by paroxysmal spasm of the diaphragm. Persistent episodes can lead to nutritional intake disorders, electrolyte imbalances, and may even exacerbate brain injury. Acupuncture therapy offers advantages of rapid onset and high safety in treating PSH by regulating central nervous system excitability and inhibiting diaphragmatic spasm. This study reviewed literature from databases including CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed from 2015 to 2025, identifying nine frequently used acupuncture therapies (such as conventional body acupuncture, electroacupuncture, eye acupuncture, etc.). The core mechanism is considered to be calming the ascending counterflow, harmonizing the stomach, and regulating qi movement, demonstrating significant efficacy in improving patients’ quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Honglu Chen, Yi Zhang, Keming Ren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Effect of Five-Element Music Combined with Acupoint Moxibustion on Lactation Capacity in Mothers of Premature Infants During Mother-Infant Separation
Objective: To explore the effect of Five-Element Music Combined with Acupoint Moxibustion on Lactation Capacity of mothers of premature infants in mother-infant separation period, and to provide reference for nursing mode of keeping lactation of mothers of premature infants in separation period. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was adopted. 45 mothers of premature infants with liver-qi stagnation in 2024-2025 were selected as Observation group (Five-Element Music Combined with Acupoint Moxibustion + routine nursing). 45 mothers of premature infants with liver-qi stagnation in 2023 were selected as control group. Daily milk yield within 7 days after delivery, initiation time of Lactogenesis II, prolactin level within 72 hours after delivery and breast feeding within 42 days after delivery were compared between the two groups. Results: The milk yield of Observation group was significantly better than that of control group (P<0.05). Initiation time of Lactogenesis II, prolactin level at 72h postpartum and exclusive breastfeeding rate at 42d postpartum in Observation group were significantly better than those in control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Five elements music combined with Acupoint Moxibustion based on TCM theory can improve Lactation Capacity and short-term exclusive breast-feeding rate of premature infants in separation period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nini Ma, Yvjuan Li, Zhirong Huang, Liting Qin, Qiurong Liang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Application of Pancreatic Duct Stenting in ERCP for Choledocholithiasis
Objective: To analyze the application effect of pancreatic duct stenting in patients with common bile duct stones undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods: Clinical data of 215 patients with common bile duct stones treated in the hospital from January 2020 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the biliary drainage method, patients were divided into a nasobiliary drainage group (n=110) and a pancreatic duct stent group (n=105). Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL), C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, and serum amylase were compared between the two groups before and after the procedure. The incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) and hyperamylasemia, as well as postoperative recovery parameters, were also assessed. Results: Preoperatively, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in ALT, AST, TBIL, WBC, CRP, or serum amylase levels (P>0.05). Postoperatively, levels of ALT, AST, TBIL, WBC, and CRP in both groups were significantly lower than their respective preoperative levels (P<0.05), while serum amylase levels were significantly higher (P<0.05). Furthermore, all these postoperative indicators in the pancreatic duct stent group were significantly lower than those in the nasobiliary drainage group (P<0.05). The incidence of PEP in the pancreatic duct stent group was 5.71% (6/105), which was significantly lower than the 24.55% (27/110) in the nasobiliary drainage group (P<0.05). Postoperative Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores, time to first oral intake, and hospital stay in the pancreatic duct stent group were (3.51±0.69) points, (14.15±3.63) hours, and (5.71±1.03) days, respectively. These values were all significantly lower or shorter than those in the nasobiliary drainage group: (4.55±0.77) points, (24.71±3.97) hours, and (8.15±1.34) days (P<0.05). Conclusion: In patients with common bile duct stones undergoing ERCP, placement of a pancreatic duct stent can ameliorate systemic inflammatory response and improve liver function, reduce the incidence of PEP, and promote postoperative recovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuan Zhang, Jidong Cao, Yulei Guo, Yan Zhang, Saili Liu, Jianjun Jia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Effect of Job Stress on Job Burnout of Operating Room Nurses in Primary Hospitals: The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy
Objective: To explore the current situation of job stress, self-efficacy and job burnout of operating room nurses in primary hospitals, analyze the influence mechanism of job stress on job burnout, and focus on verifying the mediating role of self-efficacy in it, so as to provide theoretical basis for nursing managers in primary hospitals to formulate targeted interventions and reduce the level of job burnout of nurses. Methods: A total of 120 operating room nurses from 6 secondary primary hospitals in Baise City were selected as the research objects by convenient sampling method. A questionnaire survey was conducted using the General Information Questionnaire, the Chinese Nurse Job Stressor Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Masler Burnout Inventory. SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical description, t test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and Bootstrap method to test the mediating effect. Results: The total score of working pressure of operating room nurses in primary hospitals was (85.42 ± 12.36), which was above the middle level. The total score of self-efficacy was (22.15 ± 5.48), which was at a medium level. The total score of job burnout was (68.93 ± 15.27), and the score of emotional exhaustion was higher. There was a significant positive correlation between work stress and job burnout (r = 0.612, P < 0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between work stress and self-efficacy (r = -0.485, P < 0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy and job burnout (r = -0.534, P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that job stress could still significantly positively predict job burnout (β = 0.542, P < 0.01) after controlling demographic variables such as educational background, professional title and working years. The results of Bootstrap test showed that the mediating effect of self-efficacy between job stress and job burnout was significant, and the mediating effect value was 0.156, accounting for 24.8 % of the total effect value. Conclusion: The operating room nurses in primary hospitals generally have high work pressure and job burnout, and their self-efficacy is at a medium level. Job stress not only directly affects job burnout, but also indirectly aggravates job burnout by reducing self-efficacy. Nursing managers should pay attention to the psychological status of operating room nurses, improve their self-efficacy through professional training and psychological counseling, so as to block the transmission path of work pressure to job burnout and stabilize the primary care team.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhangling Wang, Xiao Huang, Zhiliu Chang, Fang Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Controversies and Evidence in Surgical Decision-Making for Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures in Older Adults: Total Hip Arthroplasty Versus Cephalomedullary Nailing and a Four-Domain Stratified Algorithm
Background: Unstable intertrochanteric fracture (ITF) in older adults is associated with substantial disability and mortality. Cephalomedullary nailing (CMN) is widely regarded as first-line treatment for unstable ITF [1]. However, severe comminution and osteoporosis may increase fixation-failure risk, whereas primary arthroplasty—particularly total hip arthroplasty (THA)—has been proposed for selected patients to enable immediate stability and early full weight bearing, leading to ongoing controversy. Objective: To synthesize guideline recommendations and comparative evidence for THA versus CMN in older adults with unstable ITF, and to propose a pragmatic four-domain stratified decision algorithm (Figure 1). Methods: A narrative evidence synthesis focused on high-yield sources, including international guidelines and pivotal clinical evidence: randomized-trial–based systematic reviews/meta-analyses and representative observational/database studies [2–5,12]. Outcomes included perioperative metrics, early mobilization and rehabilitation, functional scores, complication profiles, reoperation, and mortality, as well as the burden of conversion THA after failed fixation [9,10]. Results: Available evidence suggests arthroplasty may facilitate earlier mobilization and better short-term function [3–5], while longer-term functional superiority is inconsistent and overall complication, reoperation, and mortality differences are often not significant [3–5,12]. Fixation failure after CMN is influenced by modifiable technical factors (e.g., implant position, reduction quality, lateral wall/medial support) [6–8]. THA introduces procedure-specific risks (dislocation, periprosthetic fracture); stability strategies such as dual-mobility constructs may reduce dislocation in high-risk populations [11]. Conclusion: CMN remains the default strategy for most older adults with unstable ITF [1]. Primary THA should be reserved for carefully selected patients at very high fixation-failure risk and high failure cost, considering pre-fracture function, concomitant symptomatic hip disease, and system readiness within an experienced arthroplasty pathway (Figure 1).
Copyright (c) 2026 Zenghui Wang, Weidong Ni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis of Zisheng Decoction for Diabetic Gastroparesis: Mechanism Exploration
Objective: The primary goal of the current research was to investigate the bioactive constituents, candidate therapeutic targets, and underlying therapeutic mechanisms of Zisheng Decoction (ZSD) in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis (DGP). This was achieved by applying a combined approach of network pharmacology and molecular docking simulations. Methods: Information regarding the bioactive compounds of ZSD and their corresponding targets was mined from multiple pharmacological databases. Simultaneously, gene targets associated with DGP were obtained utilizing the OMIM and GeneCards datasets. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to analyze intersecting targets and utilized Cytoscape to screen for hub genes. Furthermore, functional roles and involved signaling routes were mapped via enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG. Finally, the interactive potential between the primary constituent compounds and their primary targets was validated using molecular docking techniques. Results: A total of 46 active compounds and 593 predicted targets related to Zisheng Decoction (ZSD) were identified, along with 252 targets associated with diabetic gastroparesis (DGP). Then, we intersected 46 bioactive compounds, 593 putative targets, and 252 disease-associated targets to obtain 13 shared targets, of which GCK, PPARG, INSR, AKR1B1 and PDGFRA were considered to be potential key therapeutic targets based on degree centrality and functional relevance. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that most targets were significantly associated with biological processes involving glucose balance and insulin secretion. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a primary concentration in the AMPK signaling pathway, type 2 diabetes mellitus, galactose metabolism, and longevity regulation pathways. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations demonstrated that certain active ingredients in ZSD could bind stably and with high affinity to the core targets GCK and PPARG with high affinity. Conclusion: Zisheng Decoction (ZSD) has therapeutic effects on diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) via a mechanism involving multiple targets and pathways, including modulating glucose metabolism, restoring gut motility and mucosal health, ameliorating insulin resistance, and reducing chronic low-grade inflammation. Such results provide a scientific basis for ZSD's clinical application in DGP therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yao-wei Ma, Dai-hui Li, Jin Li, Zhi-nan Cheng, Peng-geng Shi, Xia Chen, Huan-tian Cui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Perspectives of Patients and Health-care Professionals on Remote Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
Aims: The purpose of this systematic review is to systematically review and synthesize qualitative studies involving the perceptions of patients and health care professionals about pulmonary telerehabilitation to understand patients’ attitudes and determine the obstacles in the use of telemedicine. Design: Systematic review of qualitative studies. Data sources: Qualitative studies were extracted from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, CBM, CNKI, and WanFang Database from the inception of each database until November 2025. Qualitative research and mixed-method research, including perspectives on remote pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic respiratory patients, were included. Review methods: The systematic search method SPIDER (sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation, research type) was used. Thematic synthesis of qualitative data was used. Results: 870 studies were screened, and finally 12 studies. 12 articles included were published between 2015 and 2025. 265 patients with chronic respiratory disease and Health-care Professionals were included. 3 themes and 12 sub themes were extracted from the views of patients and health professionals on remote pulmonary rehabilitation. Conclusion: In general, patients with chronic respiratory diseases have a positive attitude toward telepulmonary rehabilitation. Patients have a lot of perceived benefits in telepulmonary rehabilitation. Many factors affect patients’ participation in telepulmonary rehabilitation. It is necessary to address the obstacles that affect patients’ participation in telepulmonary rehabilitation, so as to promote the development and improvement of tele pulmonary rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaojie Hou, Xiaoxiao Lin, Li Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Implications of the USA “Blacklist” System for Regulating Patients’ Responsibilities Toward Healthcare Providers in China
Medical disturbances and violence constitute serious and harmful public incidents that have adverse effects on both individuals and society. Behind such phenomena lies a severe lack of patients’ ethical responsibility toward healthcare providers. To prevent the frequent occurrence of such malicious incidents, this paper analyzes the pros and cons of the USA patient “blacklist” mechanism to propose the establishment of a similar system in China. Using this as a starting point, we further explore pathways to comprehensively regulate the system of patients’ ethical responsibilities toward healthcare providers in China. The ultimate goals are to promote the harmonious development of doctor-patient relationships, create a stable and favorable healthcare environment, and advance the steady progress of the “Healthy China 2030” strategic objectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaoxiao Lin, Xiaojie Hou, Yi Zhang, Yingdong Cao, Yifang Tong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaojie Hou Hou, Xiaoxiao Lin, Li Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Gender Differences among Young Adults with Personality Disorder
Personality disorders are characterized by enduring patterns of maladaptive traits, affecting the way individuals perceive themselves, relate to others, and cope with life's challenges. The prevalence of personality disorders among young adults has gained increased attention in recent years due to their potential long - term consequences on personal, social, and occupational domains. This research aims to explore male and female differences among young adults with personality disorders to better understand the unique challenges faced by them.236 young adults aged between 20 and 40 years were selected using purposive sampling method in and around Karur, Tamil Nadu. The tools used were the Personal Data Sheet, Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ) Short form: (Beck, 1991). The results will be analysed using mean, standard deviation, independent sample t - test, and the findings were mentioned below.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bellace Subra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
A Structured Educational Intervention to Enhance School Teachers’ Knowledge of Refractive Errors: A Pre–Post Intervention Study of Effectiveness and Implications
Background: The effect of refractive errors is blurred vision, which can occasionally be so severe as to impair eyesight. The three most typical refractive errors are astigmatism, which causes distorted vision due to an irregularly shaped cornea, nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and trouble seeing close objects (hyperopia). Nearsightedness (myopia) and hyperopia (farsightedness) are the two most prominent refractive defects. Objectives1)To assess the mean pre-test knowledge score in control and experimental groups.2. To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program in experimental groups.3. To compare the post- test knowledge score in controland experimental groups. 4. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge scores with their selected socio-demographic variables in control and experimental groups.Method:A study was conducted in selected schools to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on refractive error among school teachers.60 samples were selected by using a non- probability purposive sampling technique.The sociodemographic was collected by using a questionnaire method on Age, Gender, Educational qualification, Year of experience, and knowledge regarding refractive errors. Knowledgeregarding refractive errors was assessed by using structured knowledge questionnaires.A pre-test of thecontrol group and an experimental group was conducted on the same day. A structured teaching program was given to only the experimental group. A post-test of both groups was conducted on the seventh dayto assess improvement in the knowledge regarding Refractive errors.Collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Result: In the experimental group mean pre-test score was 12.37 with a standard deviation of ±2.49, whereas the mean post-test score was 22.8 with a standard deviation of ±3.86. The test statistical value of the paired ttest was tcal 4.034 was greater than the tabulated value ttab2.05and the unpaired t-test reveals that t cal 7.14 showing that there was a significant difference in knowledge scores of the experimental group. This concludes that the STP was an effective intervention strategy for improving the knowledge regarding Refractive errors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikalaje Allchurch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Meta-Analysis of Heat-Clearing and Dampness-Resolving Chinese Herbal Medicines in Treating Atopic Dermatitis Animal Models
Objective: This study employed meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of heat-clearing and dampness-resolving Chinese herbal medicines interventions in animal models (rats or mice) of atopic dermatitis (AD), thereby providing evidence-based support for the clinical treatment of damp-heat pattern AD. Methods: A computerized search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang Data, and VIP databases to collect randomized controlled trial data on Chinese herbal medicines with heat-clearing and dampness-resolving properties for treating rat or mouse models of atopic dermatitis. The search period spanned from the inception of each database to June 19,2025. The intervention group received heat-clearing and dampness-resolving Chinese herbal medicines treatment without formulation restrictions, while the control group received conventional Western medication alone. The SYRCLE tool was used to assess the risk of bias in included studies. Quality assessment was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 18.0 software. Results: A total of 16 randomized controlled trials were ultimately included, covering BALB/c mice, KM mice, Flaky tail mice, Nc/Nga mice, and C57BL/6 mice. Meta-analysis results indicate that heat-clearing and dampness-resolving Chinese herbal medicines can reduce skin lesion scores in atopic dermatitis mice (SMD = 0.11, 95% CI = -0.73–0.94, P = 0.80), decrease scratching frequency (SMD = 0.33, 95% CI = -0.55–1.21, P = 0.47), decrease the number of mast cells in skin lesions (SMD = 0.68, 95% CI = -0.19–1.55, P = 0.12), and downregulate serum IgE (SMD = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.55–0.29, P = 0.54) and IL-4 (SMD = 0.09, 95% CI = -1.17–1.35, P = 0.89). None of these differences were statistically significant, indicating that the treatment effects were comparable between the experimental and control groups. The spleen coefficient (SMD = 4.53, 95% CI = 2.77–6.29, P<0.00001) and epidermal thickness at the lesion site (SMD = 1.84, 95% CI = 0.82–2.85, P = 0.0004) in control mice were significantly lower than those in the experimental group. Serum IL-10 levels (SMD = -1.40, 95% CI = -2.45–-0.34, P = 0.009) were significantly higher in control mice compared to experimental mice, with statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Chinese herbal medicines with heat-clearing and dampness-resolving properties can improve skin lesions in AD mice, downregulate serum IgE and IL-4 levels, reduce the number of mast cells in lesions, alleviate skin itching, and thereby relieve AD symptoms. Given the overall low quality and high heterogeneity of the included studies, further high-quality clinical trials or animal studies are still needed in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luyao Wang, Yiding Zhao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Chief Physician Yuan Haiguang’s Clinical Experience in Treating Restless Legs Syndrome Based on the Pattern of “Consumptive Disease with Acute Abdominal Discomfort”
This article analyzes the diagnostic and therapeutic approach and clinical experience of Chief Physician Yuan Haiguang in treating Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) based on the pattern of “consumptive disease with acute abdominal discomfort”. Centered on the characteristics of RLS, it analyzes its multi-layered location, combined with pattern identification, clarifying that the “root” of the disease lies in the Liver, Spleen, and Kidneys, while the “manifestation” is in the sinews and vessels. The core pathogenesis is identified as “essence and blood deficiency internally, sinews and vessels losing nourishment externally, with static blood and turbidity obstructing the collaterals.” The basic treatment principles are established as “benefiting Qi and enriching blood, soothing the Liver and relieving urgency, unblocking collaterals and nourishing the sinews.” Clinically, emphasis is placed on the comprehensive application of the four examinations combined with meridian and acupoint palpation to accurately identify the vacuity or repletion of the Liver, Spleen, and Kidneys, the strength or weakness of the sinews and vessels, and the excess or deficiency of Qi and blood. Treatment focuses on dual regulation: (1) regulating the Zang-Fu organs: selecting Ganshu (BL18), Pishu (BL20), and Shenshu (BL23) to nourish the Liver, Spleen, and Kidneys, thereby replenishing essence and blood; (2) regulating the sinews and vessels: selecting Yanglingquan (GB34), Sanyinjiao (SP6), and Zusanli (ST36) to soothe the sinews and nourish the limbs. It also emphasizes the synergistic application of modified herbal formulas and acupuncture techniques, skillfully using modified Huangqi Jianzhong Decoction combined with Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, along with a staged pattern differentiation approach. A diagnostic and treatment framework integrating “location stratification - pathogenesis correspondence - combined herbal and acupuncture therapy” is established, providing a standardized guidance for the clinical management of RLS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peiyi Wang, Haiguang Yuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research Progress on the Role of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway in Tumorigenesis, Metastasis, and Therapy
The autophagy lysosome pathway is a highly conserved intracellular degradation system in eukaryotes that is precisely regulated by autophagy related genes (ATGs). It serves an indispensable role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation is closely associated with inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumors. This pathway exhibits a complex dual role in tumorigenesis and progression: during tumor initiation, activated autophagy suppresses tumor development. During tumor metastasis, autophagy shows spatiotemporal specificity. In the early stage, it inhibits epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) to exert anti metastatic effects. In the late stage, it supplies energy for metastatic cells and promotes distant colonization, thereby exerting pro metastatic functions. This paper systematically reviews the dual roles and molecular mechanisms of the autophagy lysosome pathway in tumorigenesis and metastasis, discusses the prospects of targeted therapies against this pathway, and provides a theoretical basis for the precise treatment of malignant tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haoyue Hu, Ruyue Cai, Haoqi Wang, Xinyu Liu, Yuhan Wu, Chunyan Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Clinical Study on the Effects of Multi-Parameter “Yi-Zhi-Chan” (One-Finger Wrap) Manipulation on Myofascial Trigger Points of the Upper Trapezius Muscle in NTCS
Objective: To investigate the effects of the “Yi-Zhi-Chan” (One-Finger Wrap) manipulation and conventional Tuina therapy on upper trapezius myofascial trigger points in patients with non-specific neck pain (NTCS), and to evaluate the clinical value of the two techniques using multidimensional parameters. Methods: A total of 64 NTCS patients with upper trapezius trigger points who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned, using a random number table, into the observation group receiving “Yi-Zhi-Chan” manipulation (n = 32) and the control group receiving conventional Tuina therapy (n = 32). Both groups underwent their respective interventions once daily, with a 30-minute interval between treatments, for a total of 10 sessions per treatment course. Outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention, including the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Neck Disability Index (NDI), trapezius trigger point fascia thickness, Young’s modulus, and shear wave velocity. Clinical data were collected via case report forms, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0 to evaluate the efficacy of “Yi-Zhi-Chan” manipulation and to compare its clinical effects with conventional Tuina. Results: After one treatment course, in the observation group, 5 patients were cured, 17 showed marked improvement, 8 showed improvement, and 2 showed no effect, resulting in a total effective rate of 93.75%. In the control group, 4 patients were cured, 18 showed marked improvement, 6 showed improvement, and 4 showed no effect, with a total effective rate of 87.50%. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.391 > 0.05). Conclusion: Both “Yi-Zhi-Chan” manipulation and conventional Tuina therapy effectively improve clinical symptoms in NTCS patients. However, the clinical efficacy of “Yi-Zhi-Chan” manipulation appears superior to that of conventional Tuina.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shuai Bian, Haiguang Yuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Research on Tumor Drug Resistance Mechanisms Based on the “Deficiency-Excess Pathogenesis” Theory from The Huangdi Neijing and Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine’s “Strengthening the Healthy Qi and Eliminating Pathogenic Factors” Approach
Cancer remains a difficult disease to conquer in modern medicine, and cancer drug resistance is a common phenomenon in clinical chemotherapy. This issue has become a major challenge in clinical practice, and there is an urgent need for a profound understanding of its mechanisms and the exploration of solutions. The Huangdi Neijing proposes the core pathogenesis that “when pathogenic factors are excessive, it constitutes a ‘full’ pattern; when vital energy is depleted, it constitutes a ‘deficient’ pattern,” elucidating the dynamic relationship between the excess of cancerous toxins (full) and the insufficiency of vital energy (deficient) in tumor drug resistance. Currently, with the continuous deepening of research into the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and the ongoing advancement of related fields both domestically and internationally, academic understanding of drug resistance has gradually deepened. This review is grounded in the TCM theoretical framework of “excess and deficiency pathogenesis,” systematically organizing the TCM etiology and pathogenesis of drug resistance, with a focus on elucidating the key roles of the imbalance between “cancer toxins” and “vital energy” in the onset and progression of drug resistance. Concurrently, drawing upon the TCM therapeutic principle of simultaneously “tonifying the healthy qi” and “expelling pathogenic factors,” this review further explores how TCM can improve the pathological states of “excessive cancer toxins” and “deficient healthy qi” through multi-target regulation and multi-pathway intervention. This approach aims to reverse or delay tumor drug resistance, thereby providing theoretical support and practical solutions with distinctive TCM characteristics for addressing the clinical challenges of tumor drug resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jing Wei, Yami Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
The Role of Neuroimmune Interactions and Glial Cell Regulation in Pain-Depression Comorbidity
Pain and depression frequently co-occur in clinical settings, mutually exacerbating each other and forming a vicious cycle that significantly impairs patients’ quality of life. However, the underlying mechanisms of this comorbidity remain incompletely understood. Traditional theories have primarily focused on aberrant neural circuits and monoaminergic neurotransmitter imbalances. Recent studies, however, suggest that the neuroimmune system—particularly glial cells within the central nervous system—plays a critical role in the onset and progression of pain–depression comorbidity. This review systematically summarizes advances in research on neuroimmune responses in pain–depression comorbidity, with a particular emphasis on glial cell–mediated dysregulation of central immune homeostasis. Our aim is to provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this comorbidity and to lay a theoretical foundation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xin Su, Haiguang Yuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0