Advances in Research on GDF-15 in Heart Failure Patients with Concurrent Frailty

Abstract

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a cytokine responsive to stress, has been recently validated as a pivotal molecule that bridges heart failure and frailty. Studies have shown that GDF-15 levels are significantly correlated with the degree of frailty and poor prognosis in patients with heart failure, making it a promising biomarker for risk stratification and individualized treatment in this population. This article systematically elaborates on the mechanism of action, related signaling pathways, and prognostic evaluation value of GDF-15 in the comorbidity of heart failure and frailty, aiming to provide new theoretical basis and research ideas for exploring intervention strategies targeting GDF-15, optimizing multidimensional management schemes for heart failure with frailty, and improving patient clinical outcomes in the future.