The Role and Mechanism of Various Cell Types in Myocardial Fibrosis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53469/jcmp.2025.07(03).22Keywords:
Myocardial fibrosis, Cardiomyocyte, Fibroblast, Myofibroblasts, Endothelial cellAbstract
Myocardial fibrosis is linked to the repair of myocardial injury and pathological ventricular remodeling. Various cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and immune cells, participate in the process of myocardial fibrosis through various mechanisms. However, there is a lack of effective targets for myocardial fibrosis. Thus, this review focuses on the effector cells for myocardial fibrosis and their potential mechanisms, which enhances the understanding of myocardial fibrosis and provides a theoretical foundation for its diagnosis and treatment.
References
GWECHENBERGER M, MENDOZA L H, YOUKER K A, et al. Cardiac myocytes produce interleukin-6 in culture and in viable border zone of reperfused infarctions [J]. Circulation, 1999, 99(4): 546-551.
PRABHU S D, FRANGOGIANNIS N G. The Biological Basis for Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction [J]. Circulation Research, 2016, 119(1): 91-112.
ALMEIDA PAIVA R, MARTINS-MARQUES T, JESUS K, et al. Ischaemia alters the effects of cardiomyocyte-derived extracellular vesicles on macrophage activation [J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2019, 23(2): 1137-1151.
ZHANG S, YEAP X-Y, GRIGORYEVA L, et al. Cardiomyocytes induce macrophage receptor shedding to suppress phagocytosis [J]. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2015, 87: 171-179.
OCK S, LEE W S, AHN J, et al. Deletion of IGF-1 Receptors in Cardiomyocytes Attenuates Cardiac Aging in Male Mice [J]. Endocrinology, 2016, 157(1): 336-345.
Flevaris P, Khan SS, Eren M, et al. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type I Controls Cardiomyocyte Transforming Growth Factor-β and Cardiac Fibrosis [J]. Circulation. 2017;136(7):664-679.
Tallquist MD, Molkentin JD. Redefining the identity of cardiac fibroblasts [J]. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017; 14(8): 484-491.
LI Y, LUI K O, ZHOU B. Reassessing endothelial- to-mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular diseases [J]. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 2018, 15(8): 445-456.
TRAVERS J G, KAMAL F A, ROBBINS J, et al. Cardiac Fibrosis [J]. Circulation Research, 2016, 118(6): 1021-1040.
HAIDER N, BOSCá L, ZANDBERGEN H R, et al. Transition of Macrophages to Fibroblast-Like Cells in Healing Myocardial Infarction [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 74(25): 3124-3135.
IVEY M J, KUWABARA J T, PAI J T, et al. Resident fibroblast expansion during cardiac growth and remodeling [J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2018, 114: 161-174.
CLEUTJENS J P, KANDALA J C, GUARDA E, et al. Regulation of collagen degradation in the rat myocardium after infarction [J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 1995, 27(6): 1281-1292.
YOUNESI F S, MILLER A E, BARKER T H, et al. Fibroblast and myofibroblast activation in normal tissue repair and fibrosis [J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2024, 25(8): 617-638.
BURCHFIELD J S, XIE M, HILL J A. Pathological Ventricular Remodeling [J]. Circulation, 2013, 128(4): 388-400.
CHATURVEDI R R, HERRON T, SIMMONS R, et al. Passive stiffness of myocardium from congenital heart disease and implications for diastole [J]. Circulation, 2010, 121(8): 979-988.
RICKARD A J, MORGAN J, TESCH G, et al. Deletion of mineralocorticoid receptors from macrophages protects against deoxycorticosterone/salt-induced cardiac fibrosis and increased blood pressure [J]. Hypertension, 2009, 54(3): 537-543.
NAKAYA M, WATARI K, TAJIMA M, et al. Cardiac myofibroblast engulfment of dead cells facilitates recovery after myocardial infarction [J]. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2016, 127(1): 383-401.
FRANGOGIANNIS N G. Cardiac fibrosis [J]. Cardiovascular Research, 2021, 117(6): 1450-1488.
EPELMAN S, LAVINE KORY J, BEAUDIN ANNA E, et al. Embryonic and Adult-Derived Resident Cardiac Macrophages Are Maintained through Distinct Mechanisms at Steady State and during Inflammation [J]. Immunity, 2014, 40(1): 91-104.
NICOLáS-ÁVILA J A, LECHUGA-VIECO A V, ESTEBAN-MARTíNEZ L, et al. A Network of Macrophages Supports Mitochondrial Homeostasis in the Heart [J]. Cell, 2020, 183(1): 94-109.e23.
CHAKAROV S, LIM H Y, TAN L, et al. Two distinct interstitial macrophage populations coexist across tissues in specific subtissular niches [J]. Science, 2019, 363(6432).
HONOLD L, NAHRENDORF M. Resident and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Cardiovascular Disease [J]. Circ Res, 2018, 122(1): 113-127.
SHIRAISHI M, SHINTANI Y, SHINTANI Y, et al. Alternatively activated macrophages determine repair of the infarcted adult murine heart [J]. J Clin Invest, 2016, 126(6): 2151-2166.
LI W, HSIAO H M, HIGASHIKUBO R, et al. Heart-resident CCR2(+) macrophages promote neutrophil extravasation through TLR9/MyD88/CXCL5 signaling [J]. JCI Insight, 2016, 1(12).
YAP J, IREI J, LOZANO-GERONA J, et al. Macrophages in cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction [J]. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 2023, 20(6): 373-385.
WAN E, YEAP X Y, DEHN S, et al. Enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic cardiomyocytes through myeloid-epithelial-reproductive tyrosine kinase links acute inflammation resolution to cardiac repair after infarction [J]. Circ Res, 2013, 113(8): 1004-1012.
GRUNE J, LEWIS A J M, YAMAZOE M, et al. Neutrophils incite and macrophages avert electrical storm after myocardial infarction [J]. Nat Cardiovasc Res, 2022, 1(7): 649-664.
KING K R, AGUIRRE A D, YE Y X, et al. IRF3 and type I interferons fuel a fatal response to myocardial infarction [J]. Nat Med, 2017, 23(12): 1481-1487.
ZHANG S, YEAP X Y, DEBERGE M, et al. Acute CD47 Blockade During Ischemic Myocardial Reperfusion Enhances Phagocytosis-Associated Cardiac Repair [J]. JACC Basic Transl Sci, 2017, 2(4): 386-397.
SUGITA J, FUJIU K, NAKAYAMA Y, et al. Cardiac macrophages prevent sudden death during heart stress [J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1): 1910.
FALLOWFIELD J A, MIZUNO M, KENDALL T J, et al. Scar-associated macrophages are a major source of hepatic matrix metalloproteinase-13 and facilitate the resolution of murine hepatic fibrosis [J]. J Immunol, 2007, 178(8): 5288-5295.
ZAMAN R, HAMIDZADA H, KANTORES C, et al. Selective loss of resident macrophage-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 abolishes adaptive cardiac growth to stress [J]. Immunity, 2021, 54(9): 2057-2071.e6.
VAN AMERONGEN M J, HARMSEN M C, VAN ROOIJEN N, et al. Macrophage depletion impairs wound healing and increases left ventricular remodeling after myocardial injury in mice [J]. Am J Pathol, 2007, 170(3): 818-829.
LITVIŇUKOVá M, TALAVERA-LóPEZ C, MAATZ H, et al. Cells of the adult human heart [J]. Nature, 2020, 588(7838): 466-472.
SHU Z, TAN J, MIAO Y, et al. The role of microvesicles containing microRNAs in vascular endothelial dysfunction [J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2019, 23(12): 7933-7945.
PAULUS W J, TSCHöPE C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(4): 263-271.
PINTO A R, ILINYKH A, IVEY M J, et al. Revisiting Cardiac Cellular Composition [J]. Circulation Research, 2016, 118(3): 400-409.
SALVADOR A M, NEVERS T, VELáZQUEZ F, et al. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Regulates Left Ventricular Leukocyte Infiltration, Cardiac Remodeling, and Function in Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure [J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2016, 5(3): e003126.
ASAKO H, KUROSE I, WOLF R, et al. Role of H1 receptors and P-selectin in histamine-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in postcapillary venules [J]. J Clin Invest, 1994, 93(4): 1508-1515.
MCEVER R P. Selectins: initiators of leucocyte adhesion and signalling at the vascular wall [J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2015, 107(3): 331-339.
HERTER J, ZARBOCK A. Integrin Regulation during Leukocyte Recruitment [J]. J Immunol, 2013, 190(9): 4451-4457.
GRöNLOH M L B, ARTS J J G, VAN BUUL J D. Neutrophil transendothelial migration hotspots - mechanisms and implications [J]. J Cell Sci, 2021, 134(7).
ZHU M, GOETSCH S C, WANG Z, et al. FoxO4 promotes early inflammatory response upon myocardial infarction via endothelial Arg1 [J]. Circ Res, 2015, 117(11): 967-977.
WIDYANTORO B, EMOTO N, NAKAYAMA K, et al. Endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 promotes cardiac fibrosis in diabetic hearts through stimulation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition [J]. Circulation, 2010, 121(22): 2407-2418.
Retraction for Wei et al., Endothelial expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 protects the murine heart and aorta from pressure overload by suppression of TGF-β signaling [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2024, 121(10): e2402727121.
BUJAK M, DOBACZEWSKI M, GONZALEZ- QUESADA C, et al. Induction of the CXC chemokine interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 regulates the reparative response following myocardial infarction [J]. Circ Res, 2009, 105(10): 973-983.
BALLIGAND J L, FERON O, DESSY C. eNOS activation by physical forces: from short-term regulation of contraction to chronic remodeling of cardiovascular tissues [J]. Physiol Rev, 2009, 89(2): 481-534.
CAI H, HARRISON D G. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress [J]. Circ Res, 2000, 87(10): 840-844.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Yangzhi Zheng, Jing Dong

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.